Immune System

Question 1

What is humanities deadliest disease?

Answer 1

smallpox

Question 2

How does immunization work?

Answer 2

antigens are artificially introduced to induce adaptive immunity

Question 3

Define inoculation

Answer 3

the act of immunizing someone against a disease by introducing material

Question 4

What is similar between immunological memory and immunization?

Answer 4

they expose the organism to antigens

Question 5

Define clonal selection

Answer 5

the process by which body produces B and T cells in response to infections

Question 6

What is an “inactivated” vaccine?

Answer 6

the vaccine contains a dead virus

Question 7

What is a “live” vaccine?

Answer 7

the vaccine contains an attenuated (reduced) virus

Question 8

What is “recombinant” vaccine?

Answer 8

the vaccine contains viral antigens

Question 9

What is an “mRNA” vaccine?

Answer 9

the vaccine contains an mRNA code for the viral antigen

Question 10

Define innate immunity

Answer 10

the first line of defense against pathogens that does not involve infection of the host

Question 11

What kind of immunity do invertebrates exhibit?

Answer 11

strictly innate immunity

Question 12

What is a hemocyte?

Answer 12

an immune system blood cell, especially in invertebrates

Question 13

What kind of immunity do vertebrates exhibit?

Answer 13

innate AND adaptive immunity

Question 14

Define adaptive immunity

Answer 14

the immune response that occurs after infection occurs

Question 15

What kind of immunity is skin, mucus, and acidity?

Answer 15

innate immunity

Question 16

What are phagocytic cells?

Answer 16

cells that arrive at the infection and boost immune responses

Question 17

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 17

the process by which a phagocytic cell uses vacuoles to digest pathogens

Question 18

What are the four functions of a macrophage?

Answer 18

1. phagocytosis
2. stimulates other immune cells
3. removes dead cells
4. secretes cytokines

Question 19

Three types of phagocytic cells

Answer 19

macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell

Question 20

What are the three functions of a neutrophil cell?

Answer 20

1. phagocytosis
2. extracellular traps
3. mediate inflammation

Question 21

What are the two functions of a dendritic cell?

Answer 21

1. phagocytosis
2. displays antigens on its surface to boost immune response

Question 22

What does a mast cell release?

Answer 22

histamines

Question 23

What is the purpose of histamines?

Answer 23

they trigger the bodies response to inflammation, including dilating blood vessels

Question 24

Is systemic inflammation innate or adaptive immunity?

Answer 24

innate

Question 25

What is systemic inflammation?

Answer 25

inflammation throughout the whole body triggered by severe infections or tissue damage

Question 26

What is septic shock?

Answer 26

whenever an infection causes the body to go into shock; organs fail and the heart slows

Question 27

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 27

pathogen-specific responses to infection

Question 28

Are lymphocytes innate or adaptive immunity?

Answer 28

adaptive

Question 29

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 29

white blood cells called leukocytes that is found in the blood and lymph tissue

Question 30

What kind of cell are B and T cells?

Answer 30

lymphocytes

Question 31

What is an antigen?

Answer 31

a toxin or foreign substance that triggers an immune response which produces antibodies

Question 32

What is an antigen receptor?

Answer 32

a protein anchored to the B or T cell membrane that bind to a pathogen's epitopes

Question 33

What are epitopes?

Answer 33

the part of the antigen to which the antigen receptor/antibody attaches itself

Question 34

How are B cells activated?

Answer 34

they bind the antigens on the surface of the pathogen's membrane

Question 35

What is clonal selection?

Answer 35

the process by which antigens trigger lymphocytes to produce antibodies

Question 36

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 36

pathogen-specific responses to infection

Question 37

how are T cells activated?

Answer 37

their receptors are can only bind to antigens presented by infected and immune cells

Question 38

What do effector cells do?

Answer 38

secrete antibodies

Question 39

What do memory immune cells do?

Answer 39

store antibodies an an insurance policy

Question 40

Define immunological memory

Answer 40

long-term protection against previous infections

Question 41

What is the primary response of the immune system?

Answer 41

the initial response to a pathogen

Question 42

What is the secondary response of the immune system?

Answer 42

the response to a subsequent exposure

Question 43

What is a helper T cell's function?

Answer 43

to formally initiate humoral and cell-mediated immunity

Question 44

Define humoral immunity

Answer 44

the production of pathogen-specific antibodies by B cells

Question 45

What is neutralization in humoral immunity?

Answer 45

antibodies attach to the antigens of a virus preventing it from binding to a host cell

Question 46

What is opsonization in humoral immunity?

Answer 46

antibodies promote phagocytosis of the virus by macrophages and neutrophils

Question 47

What is the complement system in humoral immunity?

Answer 47

compliment proteins attach to antibodies which form pores in the pathogen's membrane

Question 48

Define cell mediated immunity

Answer 48

when helper T cells and antigen presenting cells activate cytotoxic T cells

Question 49

What is an MHC molecule?

Answer 49

the molecule that presents an antigen on the surface of a body cell

Question 50

What are cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 50

cells that secrete toxic proteins directly into the infected host cells

Question 51

What causes allergies?

Answer 51

exaggerated reaction to antigens (allergens) that activate mast cells to produce histamine

Question 52

What is an autoimmune disease?

Answer 52

when the immune system fails to recognize self antigens