Immune System

Question 1

What’s the general function of line 1?

Answer 1

Destroy any type of germ that’s unknown to your body. Additionally, they are always working day in and day out (no activation time). The basic function is to keep germs out of the body. (Won’t be perfect).

Question 2

What’s the general function of line 2?

Answer 2

Destroy any type of germ that’s not part of your own body. Additionally, they are always working day in and day out (no activation time). The basic function is to destroy germs that have entered the body but will be non-specific meaning any germs.

Question 3

What’s the general function of line 3?

Answer 3

They focus on one specific target. Additionally, it takes one week to activate. The basic function is to destroy germs that have entered the body but will work to destroy specific germs.

Question 4

Discuss the amount of “activation” time needed for your non-specific vs. specific defenses.

Answer 4

No activation time for non-specific as they are already made and about 1 week for specific defenses.

Question 5

What is an antigen?

Answer 5

Any foreign substance that activates your immune system. Examples include pathogens and anything you consider an allergen (mold/pollen)

Question 6

What are the functions of antibodies?

Answer 6

Neutralize/disable the pathogen by surrounding it and attract the attention of macrophages to ingest the antigen-antibody complex

Question 7

What do tonsils do?

Answer 7

secretes mucus to trap pathogens in the throat

Question 8

What are lymph nodes?

Answer 8

structures that store white blood cells

Question 9

What do lymph vessels do?

Answer 9

circulate lymph fluid (lymph = a clear fluid containing white blood cells)

Question 10

What is a thymus?

Answer 10

an organ in front of the heart that is used for development of T cells

Question 11

What is role of appendix?

Answer 11

secretes mucus to trap pathogens in the colon

Question 12

What is a spleen?

Answer 12

an organ that is rich in white blood cells; it filters the blood to remove cell debris and pathogens

Question 13

What is role of a bone marrow?

Answer 13

site of blood cell production; makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Question 14

What does the skin do in line 1?

Answer 14

Prevents pathogens in your environment from entering your body

Question 15

Where in the body are mucous membranes located for line 1?

Answer 15

Lines the inside of the 1)respiratory system (nose, throat, lungs), 2) Digestive System, 3) Urinary System (kidneys, urethra (where pee comes out), etc.), and 4) Reproductive system. They produce mucus.

Question 16

What’s the role of goblet cells?

Answer 16

makes mucus

Question 17

What’s the role of cilia cells?

Answer 17

motor proteins that help remove/clear mucus from body

Question 18

What’s the role of basal cells?

Answer 18

form new mucous membrane cells and replace any dead cells

Question 19

What is mucus made of and it’s function?

Answer 19

Made from water and mucin protein, it’s function is to trap germs allergens (pollens), and irritants (smoke ash)

Question 20

What are two places of acidic secretions and their functions?

Answer 20

Occur in the stomach which kills germs to protect against food-borne illnesses and the vaginal tract in females which produces acid (slightly) to deter pathogen growth

Question 21

What are lysozymes, it’s target, location, and killing method?

Answer 21

Lysozymes are anti-bacterial proteins that target bacteria only. Located in tears, saliva, and sweat, they kill bacteria by lysis (death by rupturing or explosion)

Question 22

What are the three cells that make up the mucous membrane?

Answer 22

Goblet, cilia, and basal cells.

Question 23

What is the most abundant white blood cell you have and why?

Answer 23

Phagocytic white blood cells (WBC) called neutrophils as they die once they are phagocytized (pathogens are ingested)

Question 24

What is the target of neutrophils?

Answer 24

Bacteria and fungi (yeast cells)

Question 25

What is the destruction method of neutrophils?

Answer 25

Phagocytosis—> process where pathogens (germs) or cells are ingested and destroyed

Question 26

What is the target of eosinophil?

Answer 26

Parasitic worms (tape and round worms)

Question 27

What are the two targets of macrophage?

Answer 27

Destroy pathogens directly (Bacteria, fungi) and destroy abnormal body cells (cancer cells, virus-infected cells, damaged cells)

Question 28

What is the target of NK cells?

Answer 28

Abnormal body cells (cancer cells and virus-infected cells)

Question 29

What are the two destruction methods of eosinophil?

Answer 29

Phagocytosis—> process where pathogens (germs) or cells are ingested and destroyed and the release of superoxides to destroy the cell membranes of the parasitic worms

Question 30

What is the destruction method macrophage?

Answer 30

Phagocytosis—> process where pathogens (germs) or cells are ingested and destroyed

Question 31

What is the destruction method of NK cells?

Answer 31

NK cells release perforin (protein molecules) to rupture and lyse abnormal cells. Unlike Cytotoxic cells, they have no activation time required, are non-specific, and destroy all types of targets

Question 32

How do NK cells identify abnormal cells?

Answer 32

All healthy cells have a major histocompatibility complex on top and abnormal cells don’t have that id card (MHC) so they can easily identify it.

Question 33

What are interferons and what is their function?

Answer 33

They are antimicrobial proteins released from virus-infected cells that will die
that come into play when you have a viral infection. They essentially alarm your system against viral infections and bind to healthy cells to let them know if a viral attack is occurring which allows for a healthy cell to create anti-viral protein which prevents viral replication

Question 34

What do B cells make and what’s their interaction within our body?

Answer 34

When looking at B cell interaction which makes antibodies, the B cell locates the target and binds to them. Once they find the target, they will release antibodies that surround and neutralize the threat. From there, macrophage ingests pathogens marked with antibodies

Question 35

What are memory b cells?

Answer 35

Created during 1st time exposure to a pathogen and used during re-exposure to the same pathogen, they allow immune system to respond stronger and faster to the same pathogen

Question 36

What does helper t cell activate?

Answer 36

-Activates Line 3 (coordinator), B cells to make antibodies, and cytotoxic t cells to destroy abnormal cells

Question 37

What is target of cytotoxic t cells?

Answer 37

Abnormal body cells (cancer cells and virus-infected cells)

Question 38

What is the destruction method of cytotoxic t cells?

Answer 38

T-cells release perforin (protein molecules) to rupture abnormal cells (liver cancer) and destroy them through lysis