IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
This is any substance or microorganism that causes disease or damage to the tissues of the body.
A
Pathogens
2
Q
2 types of pathogens
A
Foreign
Self
3
Q
antigens are from outside of the body. For example, you have your bacteria, viruses, pollens, especially for allergic reactions.
A
Foreign Pathogens
4
Q
are molecules that the body produces to stimulate an immune system response.
A
Self pathogens
5
Q
Example of self pathogen
A
example would be tumor antigens, which are secreted by your cells that are responsible for proliferation and growth of tumors or any mass.
6
Q
One of the major actors in the activity of the immune system
A
Lymphatics
7
Q
lymphatic system is composed of the?
A
lymph, lymphatic capillaries and vessels, lymphatic organs such as your tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus
8
Q
the fluid found inside the lymphatic capillaries that contains water, solutes, hormones, enzymes, and waste products derived from two sources.
A
Lymph
9
Q
Lymph contains what?
A
Water
Solutes
Hormones
Enzymes
Waste products
10
Q
Lymph derives from two sources
A
Blood capillaries
Cells within the tissues
11
Q
tiny, closed ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium lining.
A
lymphatic capillaries
12
Q
role of the valves
A
ensure that the fluid or the lymph flows in one direction from the tissues to the circulatory system
13
Q
to make sure that, the fluid goes in one direction. What happens to the valve?
A
valve opens and closes
14
Q
T/F
lymphatic capillaries are present in most tissues except in the CNS, the bone marrow, and tissues that lack blood vessels
A
True
15
Q
when the lymphatic capillaries converge, they will become
A
lymphatic vessels.
16
Q
They have a beaded appearance because they also have one way valves to prevent the backflow of the lymph.
A
lymphatic vessels.
17
Q
sole purpose of your valves
A
prevent the backflow of the lymph.
18
Q
other methods to ensure one way direction of the lymph.
A
- contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles
- periodic contraction of the smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall.
- pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
19
Q
when the muscles contract, it will compress the sides of your lymphatic vessels. This will make sure that the lymph will flow in one direction.
A
contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles
20
Q
So the walls of your lymphatic vessel is made up of your
A
simple squamous epithelium tissue
21
Q
T or F
any compression of the lymphatic vessels can facilitate the movement of the lymph
A
True
22
Q
vessels from the right upper limb, right half of the head, neck, and the chest, they all drain into the ?
A
right lymphatic duct
23
Q
all the lymph in the right lymphatic duct will go back into the circulation of the blood through the
A
Right subclavian vein
24
Q
So other lymphatic vessels for the rest of the body, they all drain into the
A
Thoracic duct
25
What vessels can be drain into the right lymphatic duct?
Right upper limb
Right half of the heads
Neck
Chest
26
all the lymph in the thoracic duct will drain into the
left subclavian vein
27
They are composed of lymphatic tissue, meaning they house many lymphocytes and other defense cells.
Lymphatic organs
28
part of the white blood cell family, which helps fight off pathogens.
Lymphocytes
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There are 3 types of tonsils that are found inside the mouth
palatine tonsil, pharyngeal, and the lingual tonsil.
30
An enlarged pharyngeal tonsil called?
Adenoid
31
These are rounded structures distributed along the various lymphatic vessels. So there are two classifications of lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes
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two classifications of lymph nodes.
Superficial and deep
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1. found closer to the skin.
2. they are found on the deeper structures of the body, and most especially in the internal organs
1. Superficial
2. Deep
34
Under your superficial lymph node are?
Initial nodes in ground
Axillary. Odes in axilla
Cervical nodes In neck
35
Examples of DEEP LN
Retroperitoneal nodes behind the peritoneum
Mesenteric nodes are found along the lining of the intestine.
36
This is a dense connective tissue that surrounds each lymph node.
Capsule
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extensions of the capsule that subdivide a lymph node into compartments.
trabeculae
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composed also of your lymphatic nodules, which is a dense abdication or dense cluster of lymphocytes
trabeculae
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The lymph enters the lymph node via
The afferent lymphatic vessel
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after the lymph has gone through the entire lymphatic tissue and it has already been, filtered out, it will exit through the ?
Efferent lymphatic vessels
41
what happens to the lymph is that the lymph nodes, there will be
immune system activation.
42
Where is lymphocytes divided?
General center
43
same size as that of a clenched fist, and it is located in the left upper quadrant or left hypochondriac region of the abdomen
Spleen
44
Spleen has this which divides the spleen into compartments
Trabeculae
45
the region of the spleen surrounding the arteries, and it is mostly composed of your lymphoid tissues or your white blood cells.
White pulp
46
Area associated with the veins
Red pulp
47
This filters the blood instead of the lymph
Spleen
48
It detects and responds to foreign substances in the blood and destroy old and damaged red blood cells.
Spleen
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otherwise known as the graveyard for your dead RBCs
Spleen
50
bilobed gland, roughly triangular in shape, that is found in the superior mediastinum here.
Thymus
51
It is dark staining. It contains lymphocytes.
Cortex
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lighter staining
Medulla
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the site for the maturation of a class of lymphocytes called T cells.
Thymus
54
How many liters of fluid actually diffuses from the blood capillaries into the interstitial spaces per day
30 liters
55
How many liters would enter the lymphatic capillaries
3 liters
56
absorbs lipids from the digestive tract through the
Lacteals
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the fluid that contains, high lipid content of lymph and it is whitish in color.
Chyle
58
This is the ability to resist damage from pathogens, harmful chemicals, and other internal threats, such as your cancer cells
Immunity
59
2 types or 2 branches of your immunity.
Innate
Adaptive
60
the body recognizes and destroys certain pathogens, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed.
Innate
61
under the innate immunity, you have your physical barriers such as
Skin
Mucous membrane
62
the body recognizes and destroys the pathogen, but the response to them improves each time the pathogen is encountered.
Adaptive
63
Other call for adaptive immunity
Specific resistance
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Other call for adaptive immunity
Specific resistance
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Under adaptive immunity
Active and passive
66
Under adaptive immunity
Active and passive
67
is the ability to recognize a particular substance.
Specificity
68
is the ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance.
Memory
69
Special characteristics of adaptive immunity
Specificity and memory
70
it prevents the entry of pathogens into the body.
Physical barriers
71
T or F
So skin and mucous membranes should be intact.
True
72
Chemical mediators
Lysozyme
Mucus
Histamine
Complement
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
73
which is an enzyme secreted from tears in saliva. So they are able to kill or destroy certain pathogens.
which is an enzyme secreted from tears in saliva. So they are able to kill or destroy certain pathogens.
74
a secretion from mucous membranes
Mucus
75
These are chemicals or proteins that protect the body against viral infections by inhibiting viral reproduction.
Interferons
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a group of more than 20 proteins
Complement system
77
it will just complement to promote inflammation, phagocytosis, and destruction of the cell.
20 proteins
78
most important cellular components of immunity.
WBC
79
WBC needs chemicals such as?
Leukotienes
Kinase
Histamine
80
process of actually attracting your white blood cells to go into a particular area is called
Chemotaxis
81
The white blood cells have two major actions.
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
82
this is the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called the phagocytes.
Phagocytosis
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immune response that results in redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
Inflammation
84
they contain granules
Granulocytes
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these are, white blood cells that do not contain granules.
Agranulocytes
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It has a nucleus with 2 to 4 lobes connected with a thin filament. Here. Here, you can you can see that there's one lobe, another lobe, and then this is another lobe, which has a thin filament connecting in between.
Neutrophil
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Primary action of neutrophil
Used to phagocytize microorganisms
88
1st WBC that will respond to any presence of a pathogen.
Neutrophil
89
2 Lobes
releases the chemical histamine, which promotes inflammation, and it also releases the chemical heparin, which is to prevent the formation of clot.
Basophil
90
Its nucleus is often bilobed, so it has 2 lobes. And its, physical appearance is usually orange red or bright red.
They also participate in inflammatory response, most especially during allergic reactions and infections with parasites
Eosinophil
91
for allergic reactions and infection with worm parasites.
Eosinophils
92
Under agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
93
contains the, round nucleus, and its cytoplasm forms a thin ring. So its main function is to produce antibodies
Lymphocytes
94
they are kidney shaped. Its nucleus is kidney shaped or horseshoe shaped.
they also ingest, pathogens in the blood.
Monocytes
95
Called Monocyte in blood but in the tissue, it is called?
Macrophage
96
Major phagocytes in group of WBC
Monocytes
Neutrophils
97
common myeloid progenitor cell will differentiate into
megakaryocyte, into an erythrocyte, or it could be a mast cell, or it could be a myeloblast
98
megakaryocyte here would differentiate into
Thrombocytes or platelets
99
myeloblast will still differentiate into the following.
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocytes
100
myeloblast will still differentiate into the following.
Basophil
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
101
Natural killer cell
Small lymphocytes
102
small lymphocyte will differentiate further into
T lymphocyte or most famously known as their T cells.
B lymphocyte
103
small lymphocyte will differentiate further into
T lymphocyte or most famously known as their T cells.
B lymphocyte
104
B cells would further evolve or differentiate into
Plasma cell
105
known to die after phagocytizing a single microorganism.
Neutrophil
106
Monocytes + macrophages
mononuclear phagocytic system.
107
macrophages in the lungs are called
Dust
108
macrophages found in the liver are called
Cutler cells
109
macrophages found in the NCS are called
Microglia
110
these are the type of lymphocytes still under the lymphoid progenitor line. They do not exhibit a memory response that's why they are still considered as part of innate immunity. Although they are a type of lymphocyte, but they are more into innate immunity because they don't have memory. They directly kill pathogens through cell lysis
Natural killer cells
111
a process wherein the blood vessels will increase in its diameter
Vasodilation
112
the bacteria is gone, then what repair will follow.
Tertiary
113
2 types of inflammation
local inflammation, and then we have the systemic inflammation.
114
confined to a specific area of the body. It's just in one area.
Local inflammation
115
this is generally distributed throughout the body. So it simply signifies that the whole body is actually experiencing the process of inflammation.
systemic inflammation,
116
5 local signs + 3 additional features
increase in the number of neutrophil production.
individuals may experience fever due to the release of, pyrogens.
increased fluid loss due to increasing vascular permeability.
117
chemicals released by microorganisms, neutrophils, and other cells that will stimulate the fever.
Pyrogens
118
an overall problem or a systemic problem wherein there is a decreased blood supply to major parts of the body such as the lungs, kidneys, brain
Shock
119
Adaptive immunity has two branches.
Antibody mediated
Cell mediated
120
antibody mediated, it is otherwise known as your
Humoral mediated
121
involves the destroying of pathogens that are found in the bodily fluids.
Mediated adaptive immunity
122
Group of lymphocytes in antibody adaptive immunity
B cells and proteins called antibodies produced by the plasma cells
123
the cell mediated immunity, the main character would be your
T CELLS
124
There are 2 major types of T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
125
these are the ones that would actually destroy the pathogen.
Cytotoxic T Cells
126
just help promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody mediated and cell mediated immunity.
Helper T Cells
127
where do these lymphocytes come from?
Stem cells
128
Stem cells are found in?
Bone marrow
129
Where do Pre T cells migrate?
130
Where do Pre T cells migrate?
Thymus
131
Where do Pre B cells stay for maturation?
Bone marrow for maturation
132
What antibody’s looks like
It is white shaped, and it consists of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 of which are heavy chains, and then 2 of which are light chains.
133
This is found on end of each arm. This is the part of the antibody that combines with the antigen
This is found on end of each arm.
134
refers to the rest of the antibody. So, their role is to activate the complement which will help them destroy the pathogen or they could serve as the attachment site of the antibody to specific cells.
Constantly region
135
Other terms for antibodies
Immunoglobulins
136
they are globulin proteins involved in immunity.
Immunoglobulin
137
5 IMMUNOGLOBULINS
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
138
most abundant.
It can cross the placenta.
IgG
139
It is the biggest immunoglobulin.
this is the first antibody produced.
IgM
140
This is secreted into bodily fluids or body fluids, such as your saliva and mucous membrane, or even milk
IgA
141
This is essential in releasing histamine, especially during allergic reactions.
it binds to mast cells and basophils to release histamine during allergic reactions
IgE
142
serves as a as an antigen binding receptor on B cells
IgD
143
IgM has many branches/subunits?
5 branches
144
T or F
So this antibody is attached to an antigen and then the constant region of the antibody is attached to a macrophage.
T
145
So, how are antibodies produced?
Produced by the plasma cells
146
response results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen.
Primary response
147
B cells is activated
Undergoes cell division ( what 2 velds are separated)
Plasma cell > antibodies
Memory B cells
148
How many days to produce enough antibodies to be effective against anitgen
3-14 days
149
immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response. So here, what happens is that the antigen, the same antigen is attached to the b cells, then the membrane b cells will quickly divide and it will form plasma cells, and it will rapidly produce antibodies.
Secondary response
150
T cells could either release
cytokines or chemokines
151
So how does it help activate it? It will release chemicals called ___________ 2. So the interleukin 2 will, help stimulate your cytotoxic T cells to divide
Interleukin 2
152
4 ways to acquire adaptive immunity.
Active natural immunity
Active artificial immunity
Passive natural immunity
Passive artificial immunity
153
it simply signifies that the individual or the person himself is exposed to an antigen. the individual himself is the one that's creating from scratch the immunoglobulins or the antibodies.
Active immunity
154
when another person or an animal develops an immunity, and then it creates an immunoglobulins or it creates antibodies, and then that particular immunity or that particular antibody is extracted from that person or animal and is transferred to another individual.
Passive immunity
155
this is a method of transfer or this is a method of creation of antibodies that is not deliberate. It was not forced or it was not deliberate.
So the body just creates on its own.
Natural active immunity
156
this is a method of transfer or this is a method of creation of antibodies that is not deliberate. It was not forced or it was not deliberate.
So the body just creates on its own.
Natural active immunity
157
Example of active natural immunity
Chicken pox
Varicella infection
Measles infection
158
antibodies are transferred from the mother to her child across the placenta. So during, during pregnancy, the mother is actually connected to her child through the placenta.
passive natural immunity
159
Ig that is very abundant in the breast milk of the mother.
IgA
160
these are antibodies that are, preformed. But the difference along with your passive natural and passive artificial is that the the source of the immunoglobulins are actually other persons or other animals or from the laboratory.
passive artificial immunity
161
What Ig can be passed in the placenta?
IgG
162
T or F
passive artificial is just permanent
False
163
Once we age, what will ithe immune system responses
we lose the ability to produce new mature T cells in the thymus
Fewer T Cells instead
Fewer mature T Cells
Both antibody and cell mediated immunity responses to antigens decrease. Primary and secondary, antibody responses also decrease.
164
In the elderly, the immune response is lower due to less antibody produced because of
Fewer memory cell
165
Decreased immunity can also lead to
Reactivated pathogen
166
this is when the body is unable to differentiate between self and non self.
Autoimmune disease
167
this is when the body is unable to differentiate between self and non self.
Autoimmune disease
