Immune system (2-4)

Question 1

Why do Jehovah’s witnesses object to blood transfusions?

Answer 1

biblical verses whish forbod ingestion of blood. eating meat with residual bllod tho is fine.

Question 2

what is the sacredness of blood?

Answer 2

idea that the life of a being resides in its blood

Question 3

What about when kids need it and parents refuse?

Answer 3

medical staff can overrule if it means the child wont live.

Question 4

What have doctors done to try and accomidate these religious wishes>

Answer 4

bloodless surgeries that dont require blood transfusions of other peoples blood to replace lost blood during surgery

Question 5

advantages of bloodless surgery

Answer 5

quicker recovery, less invasive, and spend less time on ventilators

Question 6

Advantages/ disadvantages of the use of biomedical research on animal models?

Answer 6

cheap and quick (adv)

hard to have relevance (dis)

Question 7

what is a surrogate outcome?

Answer 7

a measurable outcome that is not a clinical outcome but might correlate with a clinical outcome

Question 8

advantages/ diadvantages of surrogate outcome?

Answer 8

ad: cost and time
dis: relevance, it might not ne effective with other diseases

Question 9

What are case series?

Answer 9

the study of causes and spreads of disease

Question 10

What are case-control studies? (retrospective studies)

Answer 10

comparing a pop with the disease (case) with a pop without disease (control) and retrospectively comparing the two to determine information

Question 11

What are cohort studies? (prospective studies)

Answer 11

the following of groups or situations (cohorts) and propectively anaylsisng the sprisk fatcors in each grooup for diseases etc.

Question 12

What are the 5 aspects of our innate defenses?

Answer 12

barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever

Question 13

adaptive defenses (3)

Answer 13

B-cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells

Question 14

what two for communication?

Answer 14

ctytokine, and antigen presentation

Question 15

What is a healthy immune system?

Answer 15

can fight off infection

Question 16

Why is it better to study immune system with respect to a specific disease>

Answer 16

because there is no way to measure whether your immune system is depressed or boosted but certain diseases depress immune system function

Question 17

In regards to immune system, what research method is mostly used?

Answer 17

surrogate studies

Question 18

why is cohort studies not often used?

Answer 18

expensive and time-consuming.

Question 19

What factors are known to weaken immune system function?

Answer 19

malnutrition, shortage of certain minerals, too much work to do, diseases of cells of the immune system, fatigue

Question 20

regarding research on specific micronutrients, what are the two issues?

Answer 20

1) deficiency effect on immune system?

2) if normal intake, strengthen immune system?

Question 21

Selenium

Answer 21

low levels- cancer

cofactor for enzymes, one egg is generally enough to satisfy selenium amounts

Question 22

Vit. A

Answer 22

low levels- higher risks of infectious diseases

Question 23

roboflavin (vit B2)

Answer 23

confers some resistance to infectious diseases in mice

Question 24

Vit. B6

Answer 24

deficicency seems to impair the development and differentiation of B cells and T cells from stem cells

Question 25

Vit. C

Answer 25

deficiency is unknown really. But is needed for immune system so could help with immune system function

Question 26

Linus Pailing

Answer 26

a chemist who wrote a book on vit C and the common cold

Question 27

Vit. D

Answer 27

known to be invovled in fighting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. more prone to HIv, and flu if deficient

Question 28

Vit. E

Answer 28

suuplementation enhanced the antibody response to some vaccinations but not to others.

Question 29

zinc

Answer 29

deficiency affects the functioning of lymphocytes

Question 30

caution with herbs?

Answer 30

can be extracted/prepared differently from the same plant at diff times/places

Question 31

What is important when considering the "active ingredient"

Answer 31

the amount and what it actually is

Question 32

manufacturing quality and honesty can vary- proff

Answer 32

a DNA barcode project found that when examining 44 herbal products, 30 species of herbs manufactured by 12 companies

Question 33

aloe vera

Answer 33

good for minor cuts and burns

Question 34

echinacea

Answer 34

studies have failed to find good evidence of an effect on cold duration and severity

Question 35

garlic

Answer 35

along with onion will reduce cancer

Question 36

ginseng

Answer 36

may be an immune system stimulant

Question 37

what is you micobiome?

Answer 37

hundreds of beneficial bacteria your body hosts.

Question 38

Probiotics

Answer 38

commercial products that contain bacteria that is already present in your digestive tract

Question 39

prebiotics

Answer 39

substances alleged to nourish and multiply your good bacteria

Question 40

Stress

Answer 40

physical and social stress resulted in higher mortality in mice when exposed to a toxic bacteria. (cohort)

Question 41

exercise

Answer 41

moderate helps health benefits, but intense will cause in higher infection liklihood

Question 42

exercise

Answer 42

moderate helps health benefits, but intense will cause in higher infection liklihood

Question 43

What are some legalities with what can go on a bottle?

Answer 43

cannot put health claims on a product unless there is scienfic grounding literature`

Question 44

WHat is the loop hole to language on products

Answer 44

you can use sciency tone words

Question 45

natural

Answer 45

all natural ingredients but doesnt actually mean its good for you. rattlesnack venom is natural too

Question 46

boost

Answer 46

no scientific meaning

Question 47

balance

Answer 47

balance the four humours in our body. the overall goldilocks principle

Question 48

support

Answer 48

anything that supports levels

Question 49

maintain

Answer 49

also a meaningless term

Question 50

toxins

Answer 50

the identities of which are never specified by the people selling the anti-toxin products. we do produce toxins in our body carbon monoxide and methanol

Question 51

quantum

Answer 51

means smallest thing that can happen. in popular speech, quantum means huge

Question 52

inoculation

Answer 52

small quantity of material from the pustules of people suffering from the milder form of the disease was intriduced into healthy people

Question 53

vaccinination

Answer 53

introduction of weakened pathogen or something that looks like a pathogen but does not cause the disease

Question 54

small pox

Answer 54

huge 100 years ago but inoculation worked well in china to help. effected children and resulted in scars and death

Question 55

yellow fever

Answer 55

problem with liver resulting in yellowish colouration around the eyes

Question 56

tetanus

Answer 56

lessened with vaccination. muscle loacking becasue communication with brain stops

Question 57

polio

Answer 57

weakening of the body, needed iron lungs to keep breathing

Question 58

what are some problems with vaccinations?

Answer 58

1) dont always work 2) allergic reactions 3) side efects

Question 59

vaccine injury

Answer 59

often-litigated harm and has won large court settlements although some dont have solid scientific background

Question 60

Switzerland 1883

Answer 60

repeal of a compulsory smallpox vaccination law

Question 61

France 1990

Answer 61

media scare centered on the fear that hep B vaccine causes multiple sclerosis

Question 62

Nigeria 2000

Answer 62

fear that polio vaccine rendered children sterile- a fatwa was issued condemming vaccination

Question 63

Thermerosol

Answer 63

mercury containing compound that was added to vaccines as a preservative.

Question 64

MMR vaccination

Answer 64

combination vaccine for measles, mumps and rubella

Question 65

rise of autism

Answer 65

due to new diagnostic procedures, or due to a real rise in incidence reflecting a real environmental cause

Question 66

Wakefield paper

Answer 66

implicated MMR vaccine in the rise of autism. 8 kids, week later one started to develop symptoms

Question 67

The effect of the autism controversy?

Answer 67

vaccination rates have fallen and measle rates have risen

Question 68

What is cochrane>

Answer 68

international collaboration of scientist-volunteers who conduct systematic reviews or medical literature.

Question 69

what is a systematic review

Answer 69

review of randomized clinical trails that have been done to answer a certain question. graded in a methodological quality

Question 70

carbon monoxide from?

Answer 70

break down of hemoglobin in liver

Question 71

methanol

Answer 71

juice metabolism

Question 72

acid aldehyde

Answer 72

from alchol