Immune system

Question 1

The immune system consists of what…

Answer 1

tissues, cells, and organs that fight off illness and disease

Question 2

The immune system is composed of both ________ and _________ defenses.

Answer 2

innate, and adaptive

Question 3

Innate defenses are _______.

Answer 3

nonspecific

Question 4

Adaptive defenses are ________.

Answer 4

specific

Question 5

What is a pathogen?

Answer 5

a foreign invader

Question 6

Innate immune functions occur _____________.

Answer 6

the same way every time, regardless of the type or number of pathogens that are present

Question 7

Innate defenses include both ____________.

Answer 7

a first and second line of defense

Question 8

First line of defense includes…..

Answer 8

both physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, and digestive enzymes)

Question 9

Second line of defenses include….

Answer 9

fever, inflammation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, interferons, chemotaxis, and release of cytokines.

Question 10

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 10

engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells

Question 11

Mild to moderate fevers benefit the body how?

Answer 11

by killing pathogens that grow better at a lower temperature

Question 12

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 12

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Question 13

What do natural killer cells do? Another name?

Answer 13

produce perforins that target cancer and virus cells, NK cells

Question 14

What are perforins? What do they cause the cels to do?

Answer 14

pore forming protein, lyse

Question 15

Lyse is another word for?

Answer 15

rupture

Question 16

What are interferons?

Answer 16

the body’s response to a viral infection and prevent replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days. They also activate macrophages and NK cells

Question 17

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 17

the method by which the leukocytes respond to damaged body tissues

Question 18

What are cytokines?

Answer 18

chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues.

Question 19

What is diapedesis?

Answer 19

the process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines

Question 20

What do CAM’s do?

Answer 20

cellular adhesion molecules, guide the white blood cells to the site of damage or infection

Question 21

Adaptive responses are ……

Answer 21

the third line of defense, or the specific defenses

Question 22

Adaptive responses include…

Answer 22

both the humoral, or antibody mediated, and the cell mediated responses

Question 23

In the antibody mediated branch…..

Answer 23

antibodies are produced that are specific for the invading antigen

Question 24

What is a B cell?

Answer 24

types of lymphocytes or small leukocytes

Question 25

In antibody mediated branch the antigen binds to…..

Answer 25

B cells followed by binding with T-helper cells, which activates the B cells to produce antibodies

Question 26

In active immunity….

Answer 26

an individual receives a vaccine that stimulates an actual infection by a pathogen, stimulating the body to produce antibodies for future protection.

Question 27

In passive immunity…

Answer 27

an individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant thru breastmilk.

Question 28

Once the immune system has produced antibodies against a pathogen…..

Answer 28

it is able to recognize that pathogen in the future and destroy it more effectively.

Question 29

In cell mediated immunity….

Answer 29

T cells are primarily responsible for recognizing non self cells

Question 30

What is a T cell…

Answer 30

a lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes

Question 31

What is the 3 step process of cell mediated immunity?

Answer 31

macrophages capture the non self cell, a T helper cell binds to it and secretes a cytokine that signals the cytotoxic T cell. The cytotoxic T cell responds through chemotaxis and actively destroys the non self cell.