Immune System

Question 1

antibodies deal with antigens by:

Answer 1

1. combine with bacterial/viral toxins/enzymes that inhibit them
2. bind to viruses to prevent cell entry
3. coat bacteria for easy phagocytosis
4. cause agglutination of foreign particles
5. make substances insoluble to phagocytose

Question 2

passive immunity

Answer 2

immunity produced by the introduction of antibodies from another person. (breast milk,natural) or (tetanus shot, artificial)
do not undergo an immune response

Question 3

active immunity

Answer 3

immunity produced by the body.
manufacturing antibodies against a foreign antigen.
contracted disease and undergoing an immune response
(chicken pox, natural) (vaccinated, artificial)

Question 4

natural immunity

Answer 4

occurs without human interaction.

no injections

Question 5

artificial immunity

Answer 5

giving people an antigen or antibody (human intervention)

needles

Question 6

attenuated

Answer 6

micro-organisms that have been reduced in virulence so the body has the ability to reduce disease symptoms

Question 7

pathogen

Answer 7

disease causing organism

Question 8

non-specific defences

Answer 8

work against all pathogens

fever, inflammatory response, phagocytosis

Question 9

specific defences

Answer 9

provide protection against a specific micro-organism
B and T cells
Humoral response, cell mediated response

Question 10

antibodies

Answer 10

Protein substance which circulate around the body and attack invading agents

Question 11

B Cell

Answer 11

involved in Humoral response
produced in bone marrow and matured in bone marrow
develop into plasma cells which secrete antibodies and also into memory cells

Question 12

T Cell

Answer 12

involved in cell mediated response
produced in bone marrow and matured in thymus
develop into Killer T cells, Helper T cells, Suppressor T cells and Memory T cells

Question 13

Killer T Cell

Answer 13

migrate to a place where large numbers of antigens are present. Attach to antigen and destroy it

Question 14

Helper T Cell

Answer 14

secrete substances that 1. sensitises more lymphocytes 2. attract more macrophages 3. enhance macrophage activity

Question 15

Suppressor T Cell

Answer 15

release substances that inhibit B and T cells after infection is over

Question 16

Memory T Cell

Answer 16

respond to antigen previously exposed to the body faster and antibodies in larger quantities.
stored in lymphoid tissues around the body

Question 17

Antigen

Answer 17

Any substance capable of causing a specific immune response

Question 18

Plasma Cell

Answer 18

secrete specific antibodies capable of attaching to the active site of an antigen

Question 19

Inflammatory Response

Answer 19

1. damage occurs, mast cells release histamine and heparin that attract phagocytes into intercellular fluid
2. histamine increases blood flow and increase capillary permeability
3. heat, redness and swelling
4. heparin prevents clotting to allow WBC to get to the area
5. phagocytes move in to clear debris
6. pain receptors stimulated

Question 20

Fever

Answer 20

elevation of body temperature. inhibits the growth of some bacteria and viruses. can become dangerous to the body if temperatures get to 44-45.

Question 21

Transmission of Pathogens

Answer 21

1. direct or non-direct contact
2. transfer of body fluids
3. droplets (sneeze)
4. ingestion
5. airborne
6. transmission by vectors

Question 22

Humoral Response

Answer 22

antibodies are specialised proteins (group: immunoglobulins)

Question 23

Antigen- Antibody Complex

Answer 23

antibody attaches to a specific antigen which destructs the antigen.

Question 24

Humoral Response Steps

Answer 24

1. B cells in lymphoid tissue
2. one type of B cell is sensitised, then enlarges and divides
3. clones of B cells are formed
4. most B cells become plasma and secrete antibodies and some B cells become memory cells
5. antibodies combine with antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes

Question 25

Cell Mediated Immunity Steps

Answer 25

location: intracellular fluid. targets bacterial and viral infections and cancer cells 1. B cell presents an antigen to a T cell 2. One type of T cell is sensitised, enlarges and divides 3. clones of T cell are formed 4. most T cells become Killer T cells which migrate to the place where large numbers of antigens are present. They attach to antigens and destroy them. Some become helper T cells which secrete substances that; sensitises more lymphocytes, attracts more macrophages and enhances phagocytosis 4a. some T cells become memory T Cells and some become Suppressor T cells which secrete substances that inhibit B and T cell activity after infection is over

Question 26

Antibiotics

Answer 26

Used to fight infections of micro-organisms. | They work by blocking translation during protein synthesis of bacteria

Question 27

Bactericidal

Answer 27

kills bacteria by changes or damaging the structure of their cell wall, allowing contents to leak out

Question 28

Bacteriostatic

Answer 28

Stop bacteria from reproducing by blocking protein synthesis

Question 29

Antivirals

Answer 29

treat viral infections only. inhibit action of viral pathogens target viral specific proteins and disable them or work by inhibiting the life cycle of the virus enhance the body's immune system to attack the virus

Question 30

components of the immune system

Answer 30

lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues and many leucocytes. carries our specific and non-specific immune responses

Question 31

self-antigen

Answer 31

materials recognised by the immune system as NOT belonging to the organism. stimulates an immune response

Question 32

vaccine

Answer 32

artificial introduction of antigens into the body so the body has the ability to produce the appropriate antibodies without having to suffer the disease. injection, oral, nasal spray

Question 33

Herd Immunity

Answer 33

high proportion of population is immune to disease and they can protect vulnerbable others

Question 34

non-self antigen

Answer 34

foreign compounds that trigger an immune response as it is not recognised by the immune system

Question 35

First Line of Defence`

Answer 35

prevent entry into the human body and prevent reproduction 1. skin- tough impervious barrier 2. mucous membrane produce mucous which traps pathogens and debris 3. hairs and cilia trap microbes 4. gastric juice and vaginal secretions which can inhibit/ destroy microbes 5. tears, sweat and saliva contain antibacterial properties 6. cerumen (earwax) traps microbes and debris 7. lysozyme kills bacteria in tears, sweat and nose secretions

Question 36

Immune system

Answer 36

consists of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymphoid tissue and different leucocytes.

Question 37

Lymphatic System

Answer 37

drains intercellular fluid back to the heart

Question 38

Lymphocytes

Answer 38

WBC, involved in both specific and non-specific defence. | produced in bone marrow and some lymphoid tissue and circulate around the body

Question 39

Macrophages

Answer 39

WBC, involved in both specific and non-specific defence. | large cells capable of carrying out phagocytosis

Question 40

Vector

Answer 40

an agent (mozzie) capable of transferring a disease from one person to another.

Question 41

Contagious

Answer 41

disease passed on by direct contact

Question 42

Bacteria- Pathogen

Answer 42

Consists of a single cell, slime wall, DNA, cell membrane, flagella, cytoplasm and a capsule Types: cocci, bacilli, spirilla, vibrio Diseases Caused: chlamydia, whooping cough, gonorrhoea, dental cavities

Question 43

Viruses- Pathogen

Answer 43

Consists DNA or RNA (never both). This is surrounded by a coat of protein. Diseases Caused: HIV, chicken pox, ebola

Question 44

Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics

Answer 44

work on a wide range of bacteria

Question 45

Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics

Answer 45

work on specific types of bacteria