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BioChem Exam 3 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

present at birth and passed down genetically from the parents to children

Those were Ab’s originally created by the parent after fighting an infection

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2
Q

What is adaptive/specific immunity? 2 parts?

A

Response to a specific antigen => requires identification through memory cells

Cell-mediated immune system (T+B lymphos, monos, macros, dendrites, macros, etc)

Humoral immune system => Abs

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3
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Transferring active humoral immunity in form of already made Abs either naturally (maternal=>placenta) or artificially when high levels of human Abs specific for a pathogen/toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals

=> short term

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4
Q

Def. of antigen?

A

Antibody generator => when induced stimulates production of Ab

=> can initiate CMI/humoral

Ag’s: Toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells etc

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5
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Specific structural element on surface of the antigen recognized by a specific Ab

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6
Q

Greatest challenge of immune system?

A

Identify pathogen from self

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7
Q

What is clonal selection theory?

A

Born with vast variety of diff lympho’s based on genetic combination in early cell development
=> can react to Ag even for first ever encounter => proliferate/clone/mature for next time

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8
Q

Structure of IgX/Ab ? Which part binds to epitope of Ag ?

A

2 heavy chains/2 light chains bond by hydrophilic/phobic forces/disulfide bonds

Fc bind to pathogen
Fab binds to Ag(epitope)

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9
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Way of identification

=> Ab recognition/binding to bacteria, covering it
=> complement activation => bacterial lysis

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10
Q

Know structure/pic of all Immunoglob./Ab’s

A

K

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11
Q

Where is IgA found? What is special about it?

A

Dimer
15% of total
J chain marks it for secretion
Protects IgA from proteases <= secretory component

Secreted by B lympho’s in mucosal lining

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12
Q

IgD why is it special? Location?

A 
Monomer
Produced by plasma cells (B lympho) 
1%
Co-expressed with IgM
Can activate B lymphos, baso,mast cells
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13
Q

IgE? Involved in? Structure? Abundance? Etc

A

Produced by plasma cells (B)

Involved in type 1 hypersensitivity allergic reaction and response to parasitic worms/protozoans
=> bind to Fc receptors found on surface of mast cells/basos

Least abundant

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14
Q

Most abundant IgG? Found where? Involved in? Special how?

A

Monomer
Produced by plasma cells/B lympho

Involved in types II and III hypersensitivity reactions and helps induce phagocytosis
=> only appears when prior infection happened (IgM) => 24-48h after Ag stimulation (time dependent)

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15
Q

Which Igs are found in human colostrum?

A

IgA most

IgG a lot too

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16
Q

IgM: structure/special/found where?

A

Large pentamer produced by plasma cells (B)
=> first Ab to appear

Spleen production, found in blood => blood type determination

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17
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood cellular components

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18
Q

All blood cells are produced from? Then differentiate by?

A

Haemotopoietic stem cell
=> common lymphoid progenitor =>lympho’s/plasma/dendritic

=> common myeloid progenitor =>Thrombo/Ery/Granulo=baso/neutro/eosino/mast cell

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19
Q

Types of lymphocytes?

A

B

T

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20
Q

Types of T cells?

A 
Cytotoxic CD8
Th1
Th2
Suppressor T
Memory T
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21
Q

Types of B cells?

A

Plasma cells

Memory B cells

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22
Q

MHC function?

A

MHC acts as extracellular indicator of proper or dysfunctional intracellular protein balance

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23
Q

Function of class I MHC? Type of source?

A

Help mediate cellular immunity to address intracellular pathogens, such as viruses or destruction of malignant host cells

Endogenous source

=> recognized by CD8 coreceptor on Tc (=CTLs) or NKs

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24
Q

Class II MHC function?

A

Happens only on designated APCs (=macrophages, B cells, Dendrite cells) based on exogenous sources

=> TCR of naive helper T cells (Th0) has CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) coreceptor that recognizes MHC II

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25
What causes Abs to be produced?
B-cell with MHCII binds to Th0 | => B cell secrets Ig's
26
Tc having CD8 recognize which type of MHC? On what kind of cells?
MHC I Nucleated cells = not RBCs
27
Th cells having CD4 coreceptor recognize which MHC type? On what cell?
MHC II => APC
28
What is an APC?
Macrophage DCs Some B cells
29
How are pathogens processed inside the infected cell?
Host cell => present to T cell Internal pathogen => digested into peptides by proteosome => taken up by TAP transporters (transporter associated with antigen processing) found in ER => into vesicles => cell surface => associate with MHC-I
30
How are pathogens processed outside a cell?
``` Taken up by specialized APCs => digest in lysosomes/proteasomes => peptide fragments => coupled with MHC class depending on size and moved to surface ``` => express MHC-II (up to 14AA long)=>CD4=>Th OR => express MHC-I (<8 AA long)
31
What activates MHC?
Binding of TCR to specific Ag-MHC complex => MHC signalling activated
32
First step of MHC activation? What is the goal?
Leukocyte-specific tyrosine kinase (LcK) with sarcoma homology domain binds cytoplasmic tail of CD4/8 =>=>=> altered gene expression=> T cell degranulation => Tc releases cytokines
33
Function of B-lympho in humoral immunity?
Differentiate into plasma cell upon Th2 activation => produce Ig's
34
Function of Th cell?
Function in cell mediated immunity. APC ingests antigen => presents to Th0 => differentiates into Th1/2
35
Function of Th2?
Th2 activates B cells / makes them proliferate
36
Function of Th1?
Th1 activate Tc killing cells and phagocytes
37
Which interferon of Th1 cells aids differentiation and making more Th1 cells?
IFN-y | Interferon-gamma
38
Problem of HIV?
Gains entry via co-receptors and destroys/depletes CD4 T-cells
39
What cells can act as APC?
Macrophages DCs B-cells => present to T cells
40
After the T-cell has been presented an antigen from the APC, what are the two outcomes?
MHC-II/CD4/Th0 =>Th1/2/memory | MHC-I/CD8/Tc Tc activated by Th1
41
Function of suppressor/regulatory T cell (Treg)?
Acts to limit activation of immune system/phagocytosis => shut if off/tolerance to self
42
Hypersensitivity is a result of?
Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase = depletes tryptophan locally => prevent optimal function of Tcells
43
Which cell can produce class switching from less efficient bigger IgM to IgG?
B-lymphos
44
Tc and NK cells are similar in that they?
Attach infected cells/tumors by producing perforin/granulysin and granzyme ==> cell death
45
Difference between NK and Tc cells?
Tc cells attack cells presenting foreign peptide NK cells can attack without surface markers
46
Phagocytic cell that can produce the cytokines IL-1 and TNF-beta?
Monocyte --diff--> Macrophage/DC Either apparently produce cytokines, requires opsonization
47
Phagocytic cells?
Monocyte, macrophage, neutrophil
48
Primary marker of acute infection/inflammation and most abundant leukocyte?
Neutrophils
49
How do neutrophils contribute in innate immunity?
Phagocytose Release oxygen species/superoxides Form neutrophil extracellular traps NETs => physical barrier/antimicrobial proteins/serine proteases
50
Function of eosinophils?
Function in parasitic infections and allergies/asthma Degranulation => major basic protein => parasites die
51
Basophil function? Release?
Recruited to inflammation sites or parasites ``` Release anti inflammatories: Histamine (promote blood flow) Heparin (anti-clotting) Proteolytic enzymes elastase/lysophospholipase Leukotrienes ```
52
How is histamine synthesized?
Histidine --decarboxylation--> Histamine + CO2
53
Histamine's function?
NT Hormone => stimulate parietal cells to produce gastric acid Allergic inflammatory reactions
54
H1 histamine receptor?
Acts via Gq protein => phospholipase C/phosphatidylinositol pathway => Dilation/leakage of blood vessels Motion sickness Bronchoconstriction ... This is where most anti-histamines block receptors for allergies/motion sickness
55
Characteristics of H2 histamine receptors?
On parietal cells => gastric acid | Target of GERD meds
56
Characteristics of H3 histamine receptors?
Gi in CNS => inhibit release of NTs
57
Characteristics of H4 histamine receptors?
Gi linked receptor => found in bone marrow and baso/mast cells Majority found in nasal/oral mucosa Involvement in IgE immune response
58
How do dendritic cells recognize secreted molecules from bacteria/viruses?
Toll-Like Receptors TLRs
59
Signals of APC + T cell binding?
1) MHC antigen presentation to TCR 2) binding of co-stimulatory molecules CD80/86 to CD28 (Tcell) 2+
60
Which cytokines are both for acute inflammation and chronic inflammation?
IL1, 6, 11, 17, TNF Eotaxin GM-CSF
61
How are Type I/II cytokine receptors activated?
Janus Kinase JAK mechanism
62
Ig receptors lead do?
Gene activation
63
4 major cytokine receptor groups?
Type I/II Ig TNF Chemokine
64
Function of IL-1 alpha and beta?
Pro-inflammatory pyrogenic signal Increases adhesion factors Raise body temp
65
Function of IL-2?
Th0 differentiation
66
Which IL is involved in IgM-IgG class switching?
IL-4 Also increase production of MHC II
67
Function of IL-5?
Induces eosinophils to increase IgA/G secretion
68
Function of IL-6?
Increases differentiation of activated B lymphocytes into plasma cells => production of IgA/G
69
Function of IL-10?
Inhibit antigen presentation/cytokine production Stimulates maturation of T lymphos/mast cells/growth of B cells Decrease CMI
70
IFN-y function?
Inhibit viral replication
71
APCs produce which cytokines?
IL-1, 12
72
Th1 produces which cytokines?
IL-2 IFN TNF
73
Th2 produces which cytokines?
IL-4, 5, 6, 10
74
What kind of response does HPV and Verruca cause?
IFN-alpha inhibition via gene expression (JAK-STAT)
75
What is an autoimmune disease/immunosuppressant?
Loss of ability to distinguish self from non-self
76
Two autoimmune diseases and drugs?
Myasthenia gravis Goodpasture's syndrome Cylosporin/tacrolismus
77
Treatment of autoimmune disorders?
Monoclonal antibodies (mimic body immune system) => interfere with CMI
78
What is the complement system?
Helps/complements ability of Abs and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens
79
3 complement pathways?
Classical Alternative Lectin
80
Outcome and involvement of classic or alternative complement pathway?
Ag-Ab complex initiates, Lysis of cell is result by forming membrane attack complex MAC
81
Difference between classic/alternative pathway?
Alternative pathway = first line of defense before immune response can start Activated even in absence of Ab Classic pathway is dependent on Ig binding to pathogen
82
2 complement control proteins?
C3b promotes phagocytic ingestion C5a chemotaxis
83
Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction?
15-30min via IgE Initial response by mast cells/basophils
84
Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
Ab dependent CMI cytotoxicity IgM/G by phagocytes/Kupffer cells/neutrophils
85
Type III hypersensitivity reaction? Mech?
IgG/M, Ab, complement by Neutrophils/platelets Time: 3-8h to weeks Ag-Ab/complement => small blood vessels/joints/glomeruli => inflammation => tissue damage
86
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
CMI or delayed By Tc/Th1/monocytes 2-3 days + TB, leprosy, histoplasmosis
87
Transplant rejection types?
Hyperacute rejection - within minutes Acute rejection - within a week Chronic rejection - months to years

BioChem Exam 3 (5 decks)

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