Immune System Flashcards by Maryam Hiradfar

Name two cell types that can release cytokines. Are they part of the innate or adaptive?

Macrophages and dendritic cells. Innate.

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Hematopoietis

Production of leukocytes. Note: The production of all white blood cells (leukocytes) takes place in the bone marrow.

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Where do B cells activate?

Spleen and lymph nodes.

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What are the two branches of adaptive immunity?

humoral (B cells) and cell mediated (T cells)

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What tissues does gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) consist of?

tonsils and adenoids in the head, Peyer’s patches in the small intestine, lymphoid aggregates in the appendix.

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What kind of cells does a lymphoid stem cell give rise to?

Natural Killer Cell, T progenitor and B Progenitor

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What kind of cells does the myeloid stem cell give rise to?

Granulocyte/monocytes progenitor, basophils progenitor, eosinophil progenitor, erythroid progenitor, megkaryocyte

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What does the granulocyte/monocytes progenitor give rise to?

Monocytes (and macrophages), neutrophils, dendritic cells

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What does the basophil progenitor give rise to?

Bsaophil, mast cell.

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What does the megakryocyte give rise to?

Platelets

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How does the megakaryocyte turn into platelets?

Thrombopoitein

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How does the erythroid progenitor turn into erythrocytes?

Erythropoietin

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Name three resident macrophage populations (in CNS, Skin, and bone)

Microfilm, Langerhans cells, osteoclasts.

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In a CBC with differential what indicates a possibility of bacterial infection?

90 % of the white blood cells being neutrophils

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In a CBC with differential, what indicates a possibility of parasitic infection?

20% of white blood cells being eosinophils

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Antibacterial enzymes found in the skin?

Defensins

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What is the Complement system, is it specific or nonspecific?

Complement consists of a number of proteins in the blood that act as a nonspecific defense against bacteria. They punch holes in the bacteria.

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What are the two pathways of the Complement?

Classical Pathway (requires antibodies) and the alternative pathway (does not require antibodies).

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Name four functions of the interferons.

1-Decrease the permeability of the other cells.
2- Cause a reduction in the production of both cellular and viral protein.
3- Upregulate MHC I and MHCII
4- Cause flu-like symptoms.

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Imagine that a bacterial invader enters a tissue. What do macrophages do?

1-phagocytize
2-presenting pathogen peptides using the MHCII complex
3-releases cytokines

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What are the alternative names for the pathways that incorporate MHCI and MHCII? Which cell types present each? What do they activate respectively?

MHCI—> endogenous pathway —> presented by cells intracellularly infected ( all uncleared cells possess it) —> recognized by killer T cells
MHCII—> exogenous pathway—-> presented by professional antigen presenting cells—>activation of both the innate and adaptive system

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What are the professional antigen-presenting cells? (Name 4)

1-macrophages
2- dendritic cells in the skin
3- Some B-cells
4- certain activated epithelial cells

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What are PRRs, what cells possess them, and what is a well understood PRR?

Pattern recognition receptor, identify the general type of the pathogen. —> release of the appropriate type of cytokines.
Macrophages and dendritic cells possess PRRs.
TLR (toll like receptor) is a PRR.

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Which cells do natural killer cells target? How do they target them (do they kill them, neutralize them, or what? And how?)

The ones that manifest a downregualtion of MHC. These include cells infected with certain types of viruses and cancer cells. They promote apoptosis in these cells.

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Most populous leukocyte in the blood?

Neutrophils

are neutrophils phagocytic?

Yes

What are some cool properties of neutrophils? ( :D ) sorry this is vague!

Their nucleus has three lobes. They are phagocytic. Target bacteria. They follow bacteria using chemotaksis, they can also detect bacteria once they have been opsonized. Dead neutrophils form pus.

Which cells can detect opsonized bacteria?

Neutrophils, natural killer cells, macrophages, monocytes, and eosinophils. (** think MMENN**)

What type(s) of infection(s)/reaction(s) are eosinophils involved in?

Parasitic and allergic reaction

What do eosinophils do once they have been activated?

Release large amounts of histamines.

Least populous leukocyte?

Basophils

What kind of infection(s)/reaction(s) are basophils involved in?

Allergic reactions.

Which cells are mast cells related to and where do they exist?

Basophils. Exist in tissues, mucosa and epithelium

What are the functions of the antigens that are released in the bodily fluids?

1- Neutralize (render the pathogen ineffective) 2- Opsonize (tag the pathogen) 3- agglutinate (make the pathogens clump together—>insoluble—>will be phagocytized later)

What are the functions of antigens that are present on the cell surface? Hint: first think about two types of cells will present antigens on their surface

In B cell: proliferate and make plasma cells and memory cells In mast cells: degranulate and release histamine.

How are the heavy chains and light chains of antibody held together? (What kinds of bonds?)

Disulfide linkage and noncovalent interactions

What is the variable region of the antibody good for?

Specificity

What is the constant domain of the antibody good for?

``` Recognition by: 1-natural killer cells 2-macrophages 3-monocytes 4-eosinophils They activate: 5- the complement cascade ```

What is colonal selection for? (Let’s say for B cells)

The variable region of the B cell undergoes hypermutation and only B cells that can bind the antigen with high affinity survive. >> specificity

What are the different types of antibodies?

``` IgM IgE IgG IgD IgA ```

Isotype switching?

Cells can change which Ig subtype they produce based on the different cytokines they receive

What are naive B cells?

They are mature, but have not been exposed to antigens yet. They wait in the lymph nodes.

How many types of selection do the T cells undergo?

1- Positive selection: only those that respond to presentation of antigens on MHC survive, others undergo apoptosis 2- Negative selection: self reactive ones don’t survive. 3- clonal selection: only those with the highest affinity for the antigens survive

What chemical induces the maturation of T cells?

Thymosin.

What are the different types of T cells?

Helper T cells (CD4+), cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), Suppressor (regulatory)T cells. Suppressors are also CD4+ but they additionally have foxp3

What are lymphokines and what cells release them?

Are chemicals that recruit other immune cells (plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages). They are released by helper T cells.

Which cells does HIV target?

CD4+ (Helper) T cells

Which MHC class do helper T cells recognize, so what kind of pathogens are they effective against?

MHC II. Exogenous pathway, effective against parasites, bacteria, and fungi.

What MHC class do CD8+ (Killer T cells) respond to, what is their response?

MHC I, (endogenous pathway) inject chemicals into the infected cell that promote apoptosis.

What are the two functions of the suppressor T cells?

1- Tone down the immune response after the infection has been contained 2- turn off self-reactive lymphocytes —> promote self tolerance.

Name two bacteria that are intracellular pathogens

Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Listeria monocytogenes

What are two functions of the dendritic cells?

1-They take the antigen and travel to the closest lymph node to present the antigen to the B cells. 2- present the antigens to the T cells. (Specifically CD4+ T cells).

What are the two types of helper T cells?

Th1 and Th2.

What do the Th1 cells do?

Release interferon gamma that activates the macrophages and increases their ability to kill bacteria.

What do Th2 cells do?

Activate B cells and are more common in parasitic infections.

What are the two different ways that a virally infected cell might die? (Think about the two different leukocytes involved)

1- presents antigens on MHC I -> recognized by cytotoxic T cells —> inject chemicals that kill 2- viral infection downregulates the MHC production—> Natural Killer cells identify them —> cause apoptosis

What is Grave’s disease?

Autoimmune, against the TSH receptors—> hyperthyroidism

What is Myesthenia gravis?

Autoimmune affecting the neuromuscular | Attacks the nicotine acetylcholine receptors

Multiple Sclerosis?

Autoimmune affecting oligodendrocytes in the CNS

Guillain Barré syndrome?

Autoimmune, affecting Schwann cells in the PNS.

Where does the lymphatic system join the circulatory system?

Thoracic duct at the posterior chest at the base of the neck and empties into the subclavian vein

Immune System Flashcards

(61 cards)