Immune System

Question 1

Identify the type of infectious agent that is a prokaryote cell?

Answer 1

Bacteria

Question 2

True or False: viruses are cells

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Mold and yeast are toes of?

Answer 3

Fungí

Question 4

Malaria is an example of a disease caused by?

Answer 4

Protozoan

Question 5

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It’s is also called ________ disease.

Answer 5

Cow

Question 6

Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin?

Answer 6

Basophils and mast cells

Question 7

Identify the immune cells associated with allergies and asthma?

Answer 7

Eosinophils

Question 8

Antimicrobial proteins are part of the ___________ immune system?

Answer 8

Innate

Question 9

Identify the type of microbe that interferon targets?

Answer 9

Viruses

Question 10

The complement system is made of 30 different __________.

Answer 10

Proteins

Question 11

The compliment is activated by two ways. The alternative pathway occurs…..

Answer 11

When a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein.

Question 12

What is cytolysis?

Answer 12

When various complement proteins kill target cells through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell.

Question 13

What are the steps of inflammation?

Answer 13

First release of various chemicals
Second vascular changes: vasodilation
Third recruitment of immune cells
Fourth delivery of plasma proteins

Question 14

Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries.

Answer 14

Margination

Question 15

What is there function of pyrogens?

Answer 15

Induce fever

Question 16

During inflammation increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called:

Answer 16

Exudate

Question 17

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 17

Redness
Heat
Swelling

Question 18

What is the process used by natural killer cells to detect unhealthy cells?

Answer 18

Immune surveillance

Question 19

Which cells are phagocytes?

Answer 19

Macrophages and neutrophils

Question 20

The type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies?

Answer 20

Alternative pathway

Question 21

B-lymphocytes and T- lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their…..

Answer 21

antigens

Question 22

Humoral immunity is?

Answer 22

Antibody mediated immunity

Question 23

IgG is?

Answer 23

Predominant antibody in the blood
It can neutralize snake venom
It can cross the placenta

Question 24

Identify the type of hypersensitivity that occurs within 1 to 3 hours of exposure.

Answer 24

Subacute hypersensitivities

Question 25

Hives, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis may occur during the ________ phase of acute hypersensitivity course hero

Answer 25

Effector phase

Question 26

What affects an antigen’s immunogenicity?

Answer 26

Foreignness Size Complexity Quantity

Question 27

Dendritic cells also called?

Answer 27

Langerhans cells and live in the skin

Question 28

First line of defense includes?

Answer 28

Skin and mucosal membrane

Question 29

The second line of defense?

Answer 29

Eosinophils, inflammation, and fever

Question 30

Third line of defense?

Answer 30

Cell-mediated immunity, lymphocytes, and antibodies

Question 31

Interferons (IFNs) are a class of __________ released from a variety of cells, including leukocytes and ____________. INF serves as a _____________ defense mechanism against the spread of any ____________ infection.

Answer 31

1. Cytokines 2. Fibroblast 3. No specific 4. Viral

Question 32

The binding of a ______ to a portion of bacteria or other cell type that enhances its removal by __________ is a process called ___________. The binding protein is called an ________. The binding of __________ makes it more likely that a substance is identified and engulfed by phagocytic cells.

Answer 32

1. Protein 2. Phagocytosis 3. Opsonization 4. Opsonin 5. Complement

Question 33

One of the most important consequences produced by the inflammatory response is a net movement of fluid from the ____________ through the infected or injured area and then into the __________ vessels. Increased fluid, protein, and ___________ leave the capillaries and then enter the ___________ of the tissue; this material is collectively referred to as ____________. This delivers cells and substances needed to eliminate the injurious agent and promote healing.

Answer 33

1. Blood 2. Lymph 3. Immune cells 3. Interstitial space 4. Exudate

Question 34

Where are dendritic cells found? T-lymphocytes? Microglia? Mast cells?

Answer 34

Epidermis Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils Brain Connective tissue

Question 35

What is respiratory burst?

Answer 35

Is a rapid increase in the production of reactive oxygen species during the phagocytosis of microbes.

Question 36

When interferon attaches to a cell?

Answer 36

Virus can enter the cell but cannot replicate.

Question 37

What stimulates macrophages and NK cells to destroy virus infected cells?

Answer 37

Interferon

Question 38

Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following of symptoms?

Answer 38

Capillary dilation Mucus secretion Itching Airway constriction

Question 39

The inflammation response triggers?

Answer 39

``` Dilation of capillaries Pain Itching Constriction of airways Production of mucus ```

Question 40

During inflammation response arrange cells in the sequence they occur?

Answer 40

Neutrophils roll along endothelium Integrin activation Margination

Question 41

During the inflammatory response _________ degranulate and release ____________.

Answer 41

Mast cells | Histamine

Question 42

Complement is what and leads to what?

Answer 42

A group of serum proteins | Leads to inflammation, cell lysis, and opsonization.

Question 43

What is the classical pathway?

Answer 43

Activation of complement by C1 being activated when it binds to antibody-antigen complex. C1 cleaves C2 into C2a and C2b and C4 into C4a/C4b. C3 concertase is a protease formed by C4b and C2b coming together. This protease makes C3a/C3b.

Question 44

What is the alternative pathway?

Answer 44

Antigens such as endotoxins react with C3b and then react with factor B, Factor D, and Properdin to form C3 convertase which cleaves C3 into C3a/C3b.

Question 45

What are the functions of C3a and C3b?

Answer 45

C3a activates inflammation C3b is involved in marking more C3a/C3b and binding to bacteria cell membrane to be phagocytosis this is called opsonization.

Question 46

What happens when C3 convertase bind to properdin?

Answer 46

Create C5 convertase to make C5a/C5b which C5a enhances inflammation by acting as a chemo attractant for phagocytes and C5b reacts with other complement components like c6,c7,c8,c9 to make membrane attack complex. This forms a hole in the cell membrane and causes the cell to lysis.

Question 47

Class MCH 1 are?

Answer 47

Membrane proteins that display virus protein fragments on the infected cell’s surface.

Question 48

Cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 48

These cells interact with the viral fragments and the MCH class 1. This causes the cytotoxic T cell to release perforins which cause the cell to apoptosis.

Question 49

An antigen that induces an immune response is more specifically called an ______________, and its ability to cause an immune response is termed its ____________. Important attributes that affect an antigen’s immunogenicity include degree of foreignness, size, complexity, and the _____________ of the antigen. An increase in one or more of the attributes ____________ the antigen’s ability to elicit an immune response.

Answer 49

1. Immunogen 2. Immunogenicity 3. Quantity 4. Increase

Question 50

What is true regarding cytokines:

Answer 50

Their actions are similar to hormones They regulate immune cells They include interleukins

Question 51

What is the inflammatory response?

Answer 51

Begins when injured tissue releases chemicals to signal endothelial cells. Selections attract neutrophils and integrins adhere to the wall by receptor integrin. This is called margination. The inflammatory modulators change the environment and cause mast cells to degranulate and release histamine. Histamine causes vasodilation and opening of endothelial cells to let the neutrophils into tissue. This process is called extravication.

Question 52

T-lymphocytes go through ___________ selection when thymic epithelial cells with MHC bind to them.

Answer 52

Positive

Question 53

In ________ selection, the same process must occur, however it must NOT bind to any ____________.

Answer 53

Negative | Self-antigens

Question 54

What is the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?

Answer 54

Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.

Question 55

Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cell?

Answer 55

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Question 56

An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a helper T-lymphocyte?

Answer 56

On its surface on a class II MHC.

Question 57

The CD8 protein binds:

Answer 57

MHC class II molecules

Question 58

antibodies are bound to the surface of mast cells and basophils and are involved in allergies?

Answer 58

IgE

Question 59

antibodies are found in all body fluids and are the smallest but most abundant of the antibodies?

Answer 59

IgG

Question 60

antibodies are the first type of antibody produced in response to an infection?

Answer 60

IgM

Question 61

antibodies are found as surface receptors on most B -lymphocytes .

Answer 61

IgD

Question 62

Antibodies are found mainly in areas of the body such the nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina?

Answer 62

IgA