Immune System and Lymphoid Tissue Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
It is more of a functional system ; provides defense or immunity against infectious agents ranging from viruses to multicellular parasites
A
Immune System
2
Q
Immune System is composed of various cells called?
A
White Blood Cells and Antigen Presenting Cells
3
Q
Where does cells in the Immune System usually concentrate?
A
Lymphoid Organs
4
Q
2 divisions of Immune System
A
- Innate Immunity
- Adaptive Immunity
5
Q
It is the pre-existing nonspecific defenses
A
Innate Immunity
6
Q
Innate Immunity is composed of:
A
- Physical barriers
- Chemical defenses
- Various secretory substances
- Phagocytes
7
Q
The main effector of our innate immune system
A
Phagocytes
8
Q
Acquired gradually by exposure to microorganisms, is more specific, slower to respond
A
Adaptive Immunity
9
Q
determines the microbe or invader and then presents it to the lymphocytes to mount a more specific attack
A
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
10
Q
involves the cytotoxic elimination, via the CD8 or the cytotoxic lymphocyte
A
Cellular response
11
Q
this molecule is recognized by cells of the adaptive immune system and typically elicits a response from these cells
A
Antigen
12
Q
It is an antigenic determinants
A
Epitopes
13
Q
It is secreted by plasma cells
A
Antigen
14
Q
These are able to bind specifically and neutralize certain viral particles and bacterial toxins
A
Antibodies
15
Q
Antibodies are also known as:
A
Immunoglobulins
16
Q
Five major classes of immonoglobulins
A
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD
17
Q
What does the bodies triggers in vaccination
A
Antibodies
18
Q
The bonding of Fc portion promotes
A
Complement activation
Opsonization
NK (natural killer) cell activation
19
Q
Facilitates the enhanced phagocytosis
A
Opsonization
20
Q
What does the binding of antigen-binding site of an antibody with antigen causes?
A
Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
21
Q
Antibody covers biologically active portion of microbe or toxin
A
Neutralization
22
Q
Antibody cross-links cells, such as bacteria, forming a “clump”
A
Agglutination
23
Q
Antibody cross-links circulating particles, such as toxins, forming and insoluble antigen-antibody complex
A
Precipitation
24
Q
group of molecules that attacks the membrane of a microbe and cause cell lysis
A
Complement fixation
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antibodies coats the bacterium and make it more appealing to the phagocytes for eating
Opsonization
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releases perforin and granzymes
NK Cells
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substances that creates holes unto
bacterium, but most likely into virus-infected cells
perforin and granzymes
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Cells of Adaptive Immunity
Antigen and Lymphocytes
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Lymphocytes aredivid ed into:
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
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T lymphocyte is further subdivided into:
Helper T Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells
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These cells are denoted by the presence of the
CD4 protein ; assist in the immune responses by
producing cytokines that promote the differentiation of our B cells unto plasma cells ; activate macrophages to become phagocytic ; activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Helper T Cells
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These cells are denoted by the presence of
CD8 protein ; represents what is called the cell
mediated immunity ; they directly attack tumor
cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
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These cells has neither CD4 or CD8 ; more
on the inhibition of the specific immune
responses ; monitoring peripheral tolerance
Regulatory T Cells
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important in the development of the T
lymphocytes in the thymus
Regulatory T Cells
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groups of cells, tissues, and organs that monitor body surfaces and internal fluid compartments and
react to the presence of potentially harmful
substances
Lymphoid Organs
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The definitive cell type
Lymphocytes
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Lymphoid organs are divided into:
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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Lymphoid organs are divided into:
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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Thymus and Bone Marrow
Primary Lymphoid Organs
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Lymph nodes, Spleen and Diffuse lymphoid tissue
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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It is usually what is called the gastric associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), found in the digestive tract
Diffuse lymphoid tissue
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lymphoid tissue found in the pulmonary tract
Bronchi associated lymphoid tissue
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primary or central lymphoid organ in which T cells
are produced
Thymus
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bilobed structure in the mediastinum of the
sternum ; originates from the embryo’s third pair of
pharyngeal pouches
Thymus
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Its main function is the induction of central tolerance
Thymus
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It is when the thymus shrinks as the person ages
Involution
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Outer portion of the parenchyma ; Darkly basophilic ; Contains an extensive population of T
lymphoblasts
Cortex
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it refers to young lymphocytes
Thymocytes
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an active thymus is packed with small, highly basophilic lymphoblasts that proliferate as well as undergo positive and negative selection in that region
Cortical Zone
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It has something to do with acquiring CD4 or CD8 receptor
Positive and negative selection
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there is also the elimination of T cells that would react to self-antigen ; if they react to self-antigen, they will be induced to undergo apoptosis
Positive and negative selection
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Meshwork of unusual thymic epithelial cells that supports lymphoblast in the cortical zone
Cytoreticulum
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Inner portion of the parenchyma ; Contains mostly large lymphocytes ; Thymic or Hassall’s corpuscles
Medulla
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considered to be the potent source of the cytokine which is necessary for the differentiation and maturation of the T lymphocytes
Hassall’s corpuscles
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They provide a framework for the developing T
cells
Epithelioreticular cells
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6 types of epithelioreticular cells
Type I, II, III, IV, V, and VI
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function as a barrier that isolates developing T cells from the connective tissue of the organ
Type I
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express MHC I and MHC II molecules,
which are involved in thymic cell education
Type II
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functional barrier; possess MHC I
and MHC II molecules
Type III
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with type III cells, they create the
barrier at the corticomedullary junction (the
separation between the cortex and medulla)
Type IV
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provide the cellular framework of the
medulla and to compartmentalize groups of
lymphocytes
Type V
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form the most characteristic feature of the thymic medulla, the thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles
Type IV
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this protects the developing lymphocytes in the thymus from the exposure to antigens
Blood-Thymus Barrier
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has an efferent lymph vessel but no
afferent
Blood-Thymus Barrier
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mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue
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Discrete concentrations of lymphocytes
contained in a meshwork of reticular cells
Lymphatic nodules
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Where does most of the lymphocytes activate with the use of antigen presentation which includes MALT, lymph nodes and spleen
Lymphatic nodules
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lymphatic nodule consisting
chiefly of small lymphocytes
Primary Nodule
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It has germinal center
Secondary Nodule
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contains large immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts and plasmablasts) ; a morphologic indication of
lymphatic tissue response to antigen
Germinal Center
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Large, irregular masses of lymphoid tissue in
the mucosa of the posterior oral cavity and
nasopharynx where their cells encounter
antigens entering the mouth and nose
Tonsils
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deep invaginations in which
the epithelial lining is densely infiltrated with
lymphocytes and other leukocytes
Tonsillar Crypts
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3 Types of Tonsils
Palatine
Lingual
Pharyngeal Tonsils
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continuous with esophagus;
stratified squamous epithelium
Palatine
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near the oral cavity ; covered by
stratified squamous epithelium ; lack distinct
capsules
Lingual
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near the oropharynx ; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ; has a thin underlying capsule, lacks crypts
Pharyngeal Tonsils
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Located in the ileum (large intestine) ; Consist of numerous aggregations of lymphatic nodules containing T and B lymphocytes
Peyer patches
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A short, small diameter projection from the
cecum ; Lamina propria is heavily infiltrated with
lymphocytes and contains numerous
lymphatic nodules
Vermiform appendix
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bean-shaped, encapsulated structures
distributed throughout the body along the lymphatic
vessels
Lymph Nodes
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constitute a series of in-line filters of lymph
that defend against the spread of microorganisms
and tumor cells
Lymph Nodes
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It is present within lymphoid nodules
FDCs (follicular dendritic cells)
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most abundant cells of lymph nodes
lymphocytes of all types, plasma cells, dendritic
cells, macrophages, and other APCs (antigen
presenting cells)
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Two types of lymphatic vessels serve the lymph
node
Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
Efferent Lymphatic Vessels
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Convey lymph toward the node and enter it at
various points on the convex surface of the
capsule
Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
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Convey lymph away from the node and leave
at the hilum
Efferent Lymphatic Vessels
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Composed of dense connective tissue that
surrounds the node
Capsule
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Also composed of dense connective tissue,
which extend from the capsule into the
substance of the node, forming a gross
framework
Trabeculae
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Composed of reticular cells and reticular fibers that form a fine supporting meshwork throughout the remainder of the organ ; Dominates the lymph node
Reticular tissue
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Forms the outer portion of the node except at
the hilum
Cortex
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Components of Cortex
Subcapsular Sinus
Lymphoid Nodules
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Receives lymph from the afferent lymphatics ; Lined by a very thin, discontinuous endothelium penetrated by reticulin fibers and processes of dendritic cells
Subcapsular Sinus
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Spherical or oval aggregates of lymphocytes ; Formed largely by helper T lymphocyte and proliferating B lymphoblasts
Lymphoid Nodules
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Without germinal center
Primary Nodule
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With germinal center
Secondary Nodule
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the sites within the lymph nodes where the mature B cells would proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes
Germinal centers
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Inner part of the lymph node
Medulla
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Components of medulla
Medullary Cords
Medullary Sinuses
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Branched cordlike masses of lymphoid tissue
extending from the paracortex ; Contain T and B lymphocytes and many
plasma cells
Medullary Cords
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Dilated spaces lined by discontinuous
endothelium that separate the medullary
cords
Medullary Sinuses
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about the size of a clenched fist ; largest lymphatic organ ; located in the upper left quadrant of the
abdominal cavity and has a rich blood supply
Spleen
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only lymphoid organ involved in filtration of blood ; main site of old erythrocyte destruction ; a production site of antibodies and activated
lymphocytes
Spleen
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restricted to the smaller areas;
usually surrounding the central arterioles
White Pulp
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occupies most of the parenchyma
Red Pulp
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Consists of a thick accumulation of
lymphocytes surrounding an artery
White Pulp
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branch of the splenic artery
Central artery
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compose of lymphocytes that aggregate
around the central artery
Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)
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Contains large numbers of red blood cells that
it filters and degrades
Red Pulp
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Components of Red Pulp
Splenic Cords (of Billroth)
Splenic Sinusoids
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Separated by the sinusoids ; Reticular tissue rich in macrophages and
lymphocytes
Splenic Cords (of Billroth)
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Allows RBC to pass through if it still has its usual
discord shape
Splenic Sinusoids
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elongated endothelial cells lining these
sinusoids, oriented parallel to the blood flow
and sparsely wrapped in reticular fibers and
highly discontinuous basal lamina
Stave Cells
