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medsoc teaches > immune system-biochem > Flashcards

immune system-biochem Flashcards

1
Q

innate immune system

A

derive from myeloid precursors whereas cells associated with the adaptive immune system are derived from common lymphoid precursor
one exception ….
natural killer cells are lymphocytes but NOT adaptive

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2
Q

examples of granulocytes

A

mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

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3
Q

mast cell

A

release mediators that trigger permeability,vasodilation,chemotaxis e.g. histamine allergic response

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4
Q

eosinophils

A

attacks parasites allergic reaction

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5
Q

basophils

A

involved in parasite defence

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6
Q

neutrophils

A

army foot soldier,phagocutes,signal to other parts of the immunes system

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7
Q

examples of antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages,dendritic cells,B-cells

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8
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytose-remove dead cells and debris -communicate with other immune cells,initaite adaptive immune system

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9
Q

dendritic cells

A

phagocytose
communicate with other immune cells
bridge between innate and adaptive immunity
initiate immune response

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10
Q

b-cells

A

present antigen to Tcells->cytokines
clonal expansion
antibodies

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11
Q

which immune cells are both phagocytic and antigen presenting cells

A

DENDRITIC cells

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12
Q

cytokines-activating T cell mediated response

A

il-12, IL-2,interfeorn-IFN-y,tumour necrosis factor-TNF-a

TH1=CD8=cytotoxic,T cells ,NK cells, macrophages,Bcells

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13
Q

cytokines activating antibody production-humeral response

A

IL-4,IL-5,IL-13
TH2=B cells,granulocytes
(eosinophils, parasite, extracellular)

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14
Q

complement cascade

A 
part of the innate immune system 
C5a-chemotaxis 
C3b-opsonisation
C5a and C3a-mast cell activation
C5b...C9->forms a hole called membrane attack complex:cell LYSIS
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15
Q

lectin pathway

A

mannose binding lectin is produced in the liver in response to inflammation or ficolin in plasma.The MBL binds to carbohydrate on the surface of the pathogen, triggering the cascade

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16
Q

classical pathway

A

an antibody binds to a pathogen, and the antibody-antigen complex triggers the cascade

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17
Q

alternative pathway

A

a complement protein binds to a carbohydrate on the surface of the pathogen, and this triggers the cascade

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18
Q

leukocytes are recruited to the site of tissue injury by what

A

chemotaxis:process of bringing immune cells where the pathogen is
thanks to chemokine and complement proteins C5a

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19
Q

MHC 1

A

all nucleated body cells
important for :
1-Natural killer cells-perforin-poke holes in infected cell membrane
2-cytotoxic T cells(CD8)-perforin and granzymes(to kill need to recognise MHC1 with viral peptide on the surface of the virally infected cell)

20
Q

bacterial infection

A
  • break in epithelial cell
  • bacteria enters and proliferates
  • PPRs on macrophage recognises PAMPs on bacteria
  • macrophages phagocytose the bacteria and release pro inflammatory cytokines and chemokine
  • mast cell degranulation:histamine,leaky blood vessels,increased blood flow
  • leukocyte recruitment:neutrophils get drawn to the area by complement(C5a), bacteria products and chemokine
  • opsonised bacteria:CRP and complement proteins (C3b) act as opsonins
  • neutrophils phagocytose bacteria
  • dendritic cells engulf and internalise bacteria,beoming antigen presenting cells, then migrate to lymph nodes
  • naive T cells are recruited to the lymph node by dendritic cells,which present the bacterial antigen on their MHC 11 complex
  • B cells present the antigen on their MHC II
  • antibodies opsonise and agglutinise pathogens so they can be engulfed by phagocytes
21
Q

which class of MHC would be important for generating antibodies

A

MHC 2

dendritic cell->naive T cell->TH2 cell->activated B cell->plasma c->antibodies

22
Q

viral infection

A

1-vrius enters the host cell and replicates
2-infected host cell release IFN-a and display parts of viral peptide on their surface MHC 1
3-virus kills infected cells. released viral particles activates dendritic cells->engulf the particles->becoming antigen presenting cells, then migrate to lymph nodes
4-naive T cells are recruited to the lymph node by dendritic cells, which preens the viral antigen on their MHC II complex
5-B cells present the antigen on their MHC II,then TH2 recognises it causing B cells to become plasma cells and produce antibodies
6-activated TH1 cells activates Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) by releasing cytokines..then they leave the lymph node and go to site of infection
7-cytotoxic T cells recognise virally infected host cells by their MHC 1 molecule which present the viral peptide on their surface..then cytotoxic cells kill them
8-natural killer cells get activated by IFN-a released by the infected cells and IL-2 and IFN-y released by TH1 cells.
9-virally infected cells secrete toxins and express viral proteins.

23
Q

which subset of T lymphocytes would promote a cytotoxic T cell response

A

TH1

cytotoxic T cell->cell mediated

24
Q

a viral infection is usually fought by a cell mediated adaptive immune response using which cell type

A

CD8=cytotoxic T lymphocytes

recognise virally infected host cells by their MHC1 molecule which present the viral peptide on their surface

25
Q

lymph transport

A

capillaries,vessels,nodes,trunks,lymphatic ducts, venous blood

26
Q

5 lymphatic trunks

A

jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, lumbar and intestinal

27
Q

thoracic duct

A

largest lymph vessel in the body

empties into the left subclavian vein

28
Q

cisterna chyli

A

large lymph vessel formed by the union of lymph vessels from lower body
formed by left and right lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk
begins in front of L1 as a dilated sac
continues superiorly as a thoracic duct

29
Q

bladder

A

external iliac

30
Q

prostate

A

internal iliac

31
Q

penis

A

sueperficial iliac

32
Q

scrotum

A

superficial iliac

33
Q

testes

A

para-aortic

34
Q

ovaries

A

lateral and pre-aortic

35
Q

uterus

A

fundus=para-aortic

body and cervix=internal and external iliac

36
Q

vagina

A

upper 1/3=external and internal iliac
middle 1/3=internal iliac
lower 1/3=superficial iliac

37
Q

which one of the lymph trunk is not drained by the thoracic duct

A

right subclavian trunk

right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right and upper halves of the body

38
Q

the classical pathway of the complement system is started by which process ?

A

antigen-antibody complexes

39
Q

the membrane attack complex mediates its actions on pathogens by doing what ?

A

osmotic lysis

40
Q

what type of immunity is the transfer of IgA from the mothers milk to the baby

A

Passive natural

41
Q

which antibody is important for a anti-parasitic response

A

IgE

42
Q

what’s another name for a CD4 T cell

A

T helper cell

43
Q

what’s another name for a CD8 cell

A

cytotoxic T cell

44
Q

give two examples of immune cells which can induce apoptosis of virally modified cells

A

cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells

45
Q

once a dendritic cell has engulfed a pathogen, where does it usually travel in order to present the antigen to a cell

A

lymph node

medsoc teaches (9 decks)

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