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PHGY 209 > Immune System - Innate immunity > Flashcards

Immune System - Innate immunity Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Non-Specific/Innate Immunity

A

First-line of defense
Does not need to recognize the pathogen
Same response each tiem it sees a pathogen

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2
Q

Specific/Adaptive Immunity

A

Requires recognition of the pathogen
Faster response when it sees the same pathogen again

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3
Q

3 Ways scientific dsicoveries are made

A

1) Accidents of Nature - stroke (realize part of brain was important for something)
2) Leaps of Faith - make observation and decide to carry it further
3) Serendipity - Happy accident

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4
Q

Serendipity example

A

Alexander Fleming
Discovered Penicillin

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5
Q

Bubble Boy

A

David Vetter, born 1971
Severe Combined Immune Deficiency Syndrome (SCID)

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6
Q

HIV kills…

A

Helper T cells

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7
Q

Smallpox and Vaccination

A

30% of people died who got smallpox

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8
Q

Edward Jenner, 1796

A

Dairy mades had pox on their hands, from cow pox
Edward took leap of faith
Took pus and put it in a persons arm

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9
Q

1980

A

Smallpox was eradicated

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10
Q

Ali Maow Maalin

A

Got saved from smallpox
Last guy who got smallpox

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11
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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12
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Sites where stem cells divide, and immune cells develop

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13
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Sites where most immune responses occur

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14
Q

Immune cells

A

:eukocytes - White blood cells

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15
Q

Secretions of immune cells

A

Cytokines

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16
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Blood cells are produced here:
B-cells and Immature T-cells
Site where B-cells Mature

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17
Q

Thymus

A

Located above the heart
Contains T-cells, scattered dendritic cells, epithelial cells and macrophages
Site where T cells mature
Atrophies after Maturity

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18
Q

Bursa of Fabricus

A

Part in chicken that gave B-cells their name
Place they were first discovered

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19
Q

Removing Thymus of chicken

A

T-cells won’t mature

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20
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Scattered throughout the body
Filter microbes
Macrophages phagocytize microbes that enter lymph

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21
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphoid organ
removes microbes and old erythrocytes

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22
Q

Lymphoid Nodules

A

Tonsils
Peyer’s patches and MALT
Appendix

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23
Q

Immune cells travel in…

A

Blood and lymphatic system

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24
Q

How to WBC’s develop

A

Pluripotent hematopietic stem cell -> Lymphoid stem cell -> Lymphocyte

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25
Lymphocytes
T-cells B-cells NK cells
26
T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells CD8+ Helper T-cells CD4+ Regulatory T-cells CD4+
27
Granulocytes
Eosinophils Basophils Mast Cells
28
How does innate immune system work?
29
First line of defense of innate immunity
Physical barriers Skin- water resistant Additional Physical and Mechanical barriers - tight junctions in epithlia - mucus - hair and cilia
30
Second line of defense of innate immunity
Cellular factors Humoral factors - Inflammation and fever - Antimicrobial Substances - Acute Phase reactants: C-reactive protein, complement, cytokines Interferons
31
Chemical and Mirbobiological barriers
Secretions - Sebum, lysosome, gastric juice Normal Flora
32
Inflammation - Non-specific response to Tissue Damage
4 distinct signs and symptoms -redness - heat - pain - swelling
33
3 stages of inflammation
1. Vasodilation 2. Emigration of Phagocytes 3. Tissue repair
34
Humoral Substances
Discourage Microbial Growth or spread of a pathogen - Interferons - Complement - Iron binding Proteins
35
Type 1 interferon
Prevents viral replication 1) detects infection and produces type I inteferon proteins 2) other cells have receptors on their surface for these type I interferon proteins 3) when these receptors are activated the cells will produce antiviral proteins 4) Virus will not be allowed to replicate, cell machinery will not allow it
36
Complement
Large family of plasma proteins with multiple functions. 30 diff proteins participate in this cascade
37
ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
Innate Immunity Lead to activation of complement protein - C3B C3B bind to surface of bacteria and via opsonization
38
Opsonization meaning
PREPARE FOR EATING
39
C3b as an Opsonin
Phagocyte has C3b receptors on surface When infection the system will active it. It will then be released and stick to the bacteria so phagocytic cells can recognize them as foreign and ingest them
40
Iron-Binding Proteins - Transferrin
Binds up iron Iron is kept away from the infection to make it harder for bacteria to divide
41
Immune system
Scattered and large Connected by circulatory and lymphatic system
42
Lymphatic Organs
Primary Secondary
43
Second Line of Defense - Cellular factors
Natural Killer (NK) Cells Phagocytes
44
NK Cells
Class of lymphocytes Target virus-infected cells and cancer cells MHC class 1 If cells becomes infected or cancerous it stops expressing MHC 1 NK cell will then release perforins and granzymes to kill the infected body cells Non-specific branch of immunity
45
Phagocytes
Engulf microbial invaders
46
Types of Phagocytes
Fixed-Tissue Macrophages - already in the tissues Neutrophils - will be recruited to the sit of injury Monocytes - macrophages and Dendritic Cells
47
Phagocytosis Steps
Microbe enters phagocyte through endocytosis Phagosome forms around microbe Lysosome brings in its eater things and puts them in the phagosome Phagolysosome is formed Microbe is destroyed Release of end products into or out of cell
48
Macrophages vs Bacteria what have on surface
Macrophages: TLR Bacteria: PAMPs
49
How does phagocyte recognize microbes?
PAMPs are recognized by immune system receptors called Pattern recognition Receptors (PRR) found on the surface of the macrophage: Toll-Like Receptors
50
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria Peptidoglycan (PGN) of gram-positive bacteria
51
Vasodilation
Helps us get neutrophils to injury sites
52
Emigration of Phagocytes
Phagocytes move out
53
Chemotaxis
Chemokine/Chemoattractants -Chemicals that attract phagocytes
54
Margination
Sticking to endothelial cells
55
Diapedesis
Phagocytes move across capillary wall
56
Emigration of phagocytes
Chemotaxis Margination Diapedesis
57
NET's
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Made of processed chromatin bound to granular and selected cytoplasmic proteins which come from the lysed neutrophils
58
Do Neutrophils die in the process of killing bacteria?
Yes
59
Pus is produced In Neutrophil Attack. Why?
Pus is a mixture of dead bacteria and neutrophils
60
If neutrophils are not enough to fight bacteria what happens?
Antigen -Presenting Cell
61
Antigen-Presenting Cells
Immunogen - material that induces an immune response Allergen Ligand
62
Antigen
Antibody generator Can be whole cells or a part of a cell Can be non-microbial (Pollen, egg whites, Incompatible blood cells, transplanted tissues)
63
Epitope
Part of antigen that is recognized by the immune cells
64
Bridge between innate immunity and adaptive(specific) immunity
Via Antigen Presentation by Phagocytes

PHGY 209 (6 decks)

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