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Summer 2020 - APA Foundations 2 - Other > Immune System - Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Immune System - Quiz 1 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the body’s primary defenses gainst bacterial invasion?

A
  • Skin
  • Phagocytosis - kills foreign toxins
  • Killer T Cells - kills virus infected cells
  • Responses - sneeze, cough, sweat…
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2
Q

What is Passive Immunity?

A

Receiving Antibodies / Activated T-Cells for protection via transfusion

Immediate Protection, but Short Lived

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3
Q

What is the Complement Cascade?

A

Immune response that marks pathogens for destruction & makes holes in its cell membrane

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4
Q

What is Adaptive / Acquired Immunity?

A

Immune system that is activated after exposure to pathogens and uses specific antigens for attack.

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5
Q

Which cells are a part of the Humoral Branch?

A

B-Lymphocytes - comes from bone marrow & plasma cells

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6
Q

Which cells are part of the Cell Mediated Branch?

A

T-Lymphocytes - comes from bone marrow & matures in the Thymus

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7
Q

How is Resistance to Pathogens developed?

A

Antigens interact w/ B-Lymphocytes to form Antibodies, AKA, Immunoglobulins

Antibodies have memory

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8
Q

What is the difference b/t Humoral Immunity & Cell Mediated Immunity?

A

Humoral: uses antibodies from plasma cells

Cell Mediated: uses Killer T-Cells

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9
Q

What is the difference of Response Time b/t Innate Immunity & Adaptive Immunity?

A

Innate: minutes/hours

Adaptive: days

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10
Q

Which type of immunity is Highly Specific?

A

Adaptive Immunity - can tell difference b/t pathogen vs. non-pathogen structures

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11
Q

What are the major cell types involved in Innate Immunity?

A

Macrophages

Neutrophils

Natural Killer Cells

Dendritic Cells

Basophils

Eosinophils

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12
Q

What are the major cell types in Adaptive Immunity?

A

T-Cells

B-Cells

Antigen presenting cells

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13
Q

What are the key components of Innate Immunity?

A

Antimicrobial Peptides & Proteins

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14
Q

What are the key components of Adaptive Immunity?

A

Antibodies

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15
Q

How effective is Innate & Adaptive Immunity at discerning Self vs. Nonself?

A

Innate: Perfect

Adaptive: Not as good, but still good. May cause autoimmune diseases

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16
Q

Which type of Immunity has memory?

A

Adaptive Imunity

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17
Q

Which type of Immunity is Highly Diverse?

A

Adaptive Immunity - customizable

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18
Q

Vaccines are an example of _______ Immunity

A

Vaccines are an example of Active Immunity

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19
Q

Antibodies passed from the mother to fetus is an example of ______ Immunity

A

Antibodies passed from the mother to fetus is an example of Passive Immunity

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20
Q

What do Mononuclear cells do?

A

Ingest & Destroy bacteria, neoplastic, and damaged cells

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21
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

Phagocytosis

Defends GI (Parasites) , Respiratory, and Urinary Mucosa

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22
Q

What do Neutrophils do?

A

Most Numerous WBC & First to Arrive

Releases Cytokine & Hydrolytic Enzymes

Fight Bacteria & Fungal Infection

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23
Q

What do Basophils & Mast Cells do?

A
  • Least common
  • Release histamine, leukotriens, cytokines, & prostaglandins
  • ↑Vascular Permeability
  • ↑Inflammation
  • ↑Smooth Muscle Contraction (Bronchspasm)
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24
Q

What do Natural Killer Cells do?

A

Respond to cytokine and kills tumor and virus infected cells

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25
What is Opsonization?
Process of coating cell w/ protein that helps w/ phagocytosis
26
What happens during Inflammation?
Vasodilation ↑Blood Flow ↑Capillary Permeability Plasma Protein Extravasation Leukocytes move to site of Injury
27
How do Antibodies protect the Body?
Direct Attack & Activate Complement System
28
Which class of Antibodies make up 75% of all antibodies in the normal person?
IgG Bivalent Antibody
29
Which class constitutes a small percentage of Antibodies and are especially involved in Allergy?
IgE
30
Which class of Antibodies are formed during the primary response and have 10 binding sites?
IgM
31
What happens during an Allergic Reaction?
Antibodies attach to Mast Cells & Basophils which then release histamines and leads to abnormal response
32
What are the 4 Types of Hypersensitivity?
ACID * **Type I:** _A_ llergic/Anaphytlactic/Atopic (Hay Fever, Hives, Asthma) * **Type II:**_C_ ytotoxic (Hemolytic Anemia) * **Type III:**_I_ mmune Complex (Lupus, RA) * **Type IV:** _D_ elayed Sensitivity (Contact Dermatitis, Graft Rejection)
33
What is the difference b/t Anaphylaxis & Anaphylactoid?
Anaphylactoid is NON IgE mediated Needs more exposure Can happen w/ 1st exposure
34
What are some symptoms of an Anaphylaxis reaction?
Hypotension Dysrrhythmias Dyspnea Dizziness Diaphoresis Itching/Tingling Edema
35
What is the most common medication that causes Drug Reactions?
**_Rocuronium_** \> Latex \> Abx \> Opioids
36
What is the treatment for Non Life Threatening Anaphylaxis?
Epinephrine Diphenhydramine Maybe Steroids
37
What is the treatment for Life Threatening Anaphylaxis?
Maintain Airway 100% O2 & Stop Gases Epinephrine IV Pressors &Fluids Bronchodilators Antihistamine Steroid
38
What are the risk factors for Latex Allergy?
Healthcare Workers Neural Tube Defects Spina Bifida GU Defects Multiple Surgeries Fruit Allergies
39
What are symptoms of Latex Allergy in the Awake pt?
Itch SOB Doom N/V Diarrhea/Cramping Wheezing
40
What are symptoms of Latex Allergy in the Anesthetized pt?
Tachycardia HTN Wheezing Bronchospams Facial Flush & Edema Hives
41
What is the classic sign of Autimmune Disease?
Chronic Inflammation
42
Which population has the most risk for Autoimmune Disease?
Black, Native American, and Hispanic females in child bearing years
43
How does anesthesia affect the immune system?
Depresses Immune System
44
Other than anesthesia, what are some causes Immune system depression?
Surgery (Tissue Damage/Blood Loss) (Laparascopic Procedures are better) Blood Transfusion Hyperglycemia Hypothermia
45
How does HIV work?
Retrovirus invades cell-mediated branch of immune system Transmitted thru blood & body fluids
46
What anesthetic considerations should be taken for patients w/ HIV?
Patient might be on NNRTIs, which induce CYP450
47
What are the common Comobidities of HIV?
Abnormal EKG Pericardial Effusion Wasting Syndrome Dementia, Neuropathy Platelet Impairment Cancer
48
What are some of the major concerns when caring for an HIV patient in the OR?
Infection of patient & staff
49
What is the most common opportunistic pathogen in regards to HIV patients?
Pneumocystic Carinii Pneumonia
50
What are symptoms of Lupus?
Chronic Inflammation Antinuclear Antibodies Polyarthritis & Dermatitis Malar Rash Renal Disease
51
How is Lupus treated?
Steroids Antimalarial Immunosuppressants
52
What conditions are pts w/ Lupus at higher risk for?
Seizure Stroke Dementia Neuropathy Psychosis Pericardial Effusion
53
What factors might exacerbate symptoms of Lupus?
Infection Pregnancy Surgical Stress Drugs
54
What are the Anesthesia implications for Lupus Patients?
Pulm. HTN Pneumonitis Cricoarytenoid Arthritis RLN Palsy Cyclophosphamides that inhibit cholinesterase
55
What happens in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Destruction of articular cartilage by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts
56
What is the treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Steroids Methotrexate Immunosuppressants NSAIDs
57
What are some anesthetic considerations for RA patients?
Decreased Neck & Mouth Mobility Swelling Use Glidoscope or Fiberoptic
58
What is Scleroderma?
Collegen Vascular Disease - hard skin & vessels, inflammation
59
How does Scleroderma progress?
1. Vascular Endothelium Injury 2. Vascular Destruction & Protein Leaks out 3. Tissue Edema & Lymphatic Obstruction 4. Tissue Fibrosis
60
What are anesthetic considerations for patients w/ Scleroderma?
HTN GERD Corneal Abrasion Pulm. HTN Bleeding Intubation - may need fiberoptic

Summer 2020 - APA Foundations 2 - Other (10 decks)

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