Immune System Test

Question 1

Immune system has 3 lines of defense. Which ones are external (on the surface of) to our bodies and which are internal (under the skin level)?

Which are nonspecific in which are specific (fight any invader versus have specific targets)?

Answer 1

1st line - external, non specific
2nd line - internal, non specific
3rd line - internal, specific

Question 2

List examples of external structures that are part of the first line of defense

Answer 2

Skin, eyelashes, saliva, nasal hair

Question 3

Be able to describe in words or with a labeled diagram what happens in the second line of defense using the splinter example. You should include the following: pathogens, antigens, mast cells, histamines, what happens to the blood vessels, and macrophages (- type of phagocyte)

Answer 3

1. Pathogen gets past first line of defense.
2. Pathogen has foreign antigens and does not have MHC so is recognized as an invader by mast cells.
3. Mast release histamine
4. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky
5. Macrophages from the blood engulf and destroy the pathogen

Question 4

The second line of defense is also commonly called ___________ response, which causes swelling, redness, and itchiness, and fever.

Answer 4

Inflammatory

Question 5

Linking the nonspecific to the specific immune system. Be able to describe in words or with a labeled diagram how the nonspecific immune system triggers the specific immune system. Your description should include: macrophages, antigens, helper T cells (CD4) and interleukins and how they all work together. A little bit more.

Answer 5

1. Macrophages that have engulfed pathogens display antigens from those pathogens on their surface.
2. Macrophages travel throughout the body until they encounter a helpful T (CD4) cell that recognizes the antigen
3. Once the helper T cell binds to the antigen, it sends out interleukins that signal the specific response.

Question 6

How does the 3rd line of defense distinguishes “self” from “non-self” (aka which cells belong to the body and which do not). (What are antigens and MHC)

Answer 6

Antigens = protein on the surface of a cell or virus, foreign proteins are recognized as invaders and trigger in immune response

MHC = protein complex on all of our body cells. Cells without our unique MHC also triggers an immune response.

Question 7

What chemical messenger is used to trigger B and T cells to clone?

Answer 7

Interleukins

Question 8

Describe the cell-mediated immunity response. Include Killer T cells (CD8 cells) with their function. Be specific with how these T cells attack the pathogens.

Answer 8

Killer T cells that are signaled by the interleukins begin to clone themselves they then go and kill infected body cells by injecting them with toxin.

Question 9

Describe the humoral immunity/response. Include plasma, B cells, antibodies, and memory B cells with their functions. Be specific with how these B cells attack the pathogens.

Answer 9

B cells that are signaled by the interleukins clone themselves into plasma, B cells and memory

Plasma B - makes antibodies

Memory B - keep a memory of the pathogen

Question 11

How is a memory of a pathogen kept by the immune system? Review the graph and understand why the second immune response is shorter and swifter than the first exposure.

Answer 11

See graph

Question 12

Describe the structure of an HIV virus

Answer 12

Look at separate card withbimage

Question 13

Know the steps of the general HIV lifecycle. In your steps, be sure to include, which kind of Cell HIV effects, and reverse transcriptase and integrase with their functions.

Answer 13

1. HIV binds to a helper T cells
2. HIV’s RNA is inserted into host cell
3. Viral RNA turned into DNA by reverse transcription
4. Viral DNA inserted into host DNA
5. Virus is activated and moves into lytic (sp?) phase
6. New viruses are made and then leave host cell

Question 14

In day 2 of the HIV Case Study, what were the two hypotheses for why certain individuals appeared to have immunity to HIV virus? Which hypothesis (hypotheses were supported by the data?)

Answer 14

1. Super killer T cells - can quickly kill off infected helpers T’s
2. super helper T cells prevent infection

Both hypotheses were supported

Question 15

How do vaccinations work and why do they protect you from viruses you have not been directly exposed to?

Answer 15

• Vaccines are dead or weakened forms of a virus
• by exposing our bodies to them, we build antibodies

Question 16

What is herd immunity and how does it stop outbreaks of illness?

Answer 16

• when enough people in a population are vaccinated that they protector those who are not, it stops the spread of virus in a population.

Question 17

What are the normal functions of the different kinds of antibodies.

Answer 17

Ig G = flight viruses, bacteria, fungi

Ig E = fight parasites

Question 18

Which antibodies are used in allergic reactions

Answer 18

Ig E

Question 19

What is an allergy? How are allergies activated? What is the difference between the first and second exposure to an allergen?

Answer 19

• an immune reaction to and otherwise harmless antigen
• Activated when the body makes Ig E antibodies for a non-harmful antigen
• 1st exposure = small reaction
  2nd = you have antibodies to identify allergen and so have immune system response

Question 20

Describe the symptoms of anaphylactic shock, and how you can stop it

Answer 20

• trouble breathing
• Low blood pressure
• hives
• swelling of tongue and throat
• treated with epinephrine (adrenaline)