Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

7050: Clinical Medicine > Immune SystemInfection Diseases > Flashcards

Immune SystemInfection Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Immune System: Introduction

A

Protects “Self” from “Non-Self”
-> Necessary for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Non-Self =

A

external or internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Self =

A

Autoimmune Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Complex cascade of events including biological factors:

A

foreign substance or pathogen
DPT -> S/Sx of infection & timing of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antigen:

A

protein component of pathogen that elicits the immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Specialized cells:

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes for response to a foreign substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Antibodies or immunoglobulins:

A

protein that destroy antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tissue and Organs:

A

recognition and elimination of foreign pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Immune System Dysfunction

A

Leads to illness and disease -> varying physiologic change, clinical expression, and functional deficits -> severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Triggers for Autoimmune Attack:

A

stress
hormones
metals
food antigens
pesticides & poisons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Organs of the Immune System =

A
  • tonsils and adenoids
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphatic vessels
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • appendix
  • bone marrow
  • peyer’s patches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Immune system has two components with overlapping functions

A

Antigen-specific: Adaptive

Nonspecific: Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nonspecific Immunity =

A
  • response is antigen-independent
  • immediate maximal response
  • not antigen-specific
  • exposure results in no immunologic memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Specific Immunity =

A
  • response is antigen-dependent
  • lag time between exposure and maximal response
  • antigen-specific
  • exposure results in immunologic memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adaptive Immunity =

A

Antigen-Specific Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Humoral =

A

Antibody Mediated = B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cell-Mediated =

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cells of the Immune System:

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Granulocytic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monocytes =

A

Macrophage, Dendritic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lymphocytes =

A

B Cells & T Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Granulocytic Cells =

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

All Cells of the Immune System are derived from ___

A

hematopoietic stem cells

> Differentiated by receptors, immunoglobulins, cell-surface proteins to facilitate cellular homing, activation and destruction of cells

> Distinct cytokine profiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Innate immunity =

A

rapid response (hours)

mucous membranes & connective tissue

macrophage, natural killer cell, dendritic cell, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adaptive Immunity =

A

slow response (days)

blood stream & lymph nodes

B cell, T cell, CD4+, CD8+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Do both innate and adaptive immunity =

A

T Cell and Natural Killer T Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

types of lymphocytes:

A
  • B cell
  • helper T cell
  • cytotoxic T cell
  • regulatory T cell
  • natural killer cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

B cell =

A
  • antigen on pathogens/ soluble antigen
  • production of antibodies

effector functions:
> neutralization of pathogens
> phagocytes
> complement activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

helper T cell =

A
  • antigen presented by professional APC
  • secretion of cytokines

effector functions:
> activation of macrophages
> activation of other T and B cells
> inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cytotoxic T cell =

A
  • antigen presented by infected/malignant cells

effector function: elimination of infected/malignant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

regulatory T cell =

A
  • no antigen recognition function

effector function: regulate and/or suppress immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

natural killer cell =

A
  • self-antigen/foreign antigen on host cells

effector function: elimination of infected/malignant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Adaptive response:

A

Antibody-Mediated & Cell-Mediated

provides specificity and memory of previous antigen encounters (vaccinations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Innate response:

A

generalized immune response includes epithelial barriers, mucociliary clearance, phagocytic cells, and complement proteins -> present antigens to antigen specific immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

1st line of defense (innate)

A

1) skin

2) mucous membranes & secretions

3) normal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

2nd line of defense (innate)

A

1) innate immune cells

2) inflammation

3) complement

4) antimicrobial substances

36
Q

3rd line of defense (adaptive)

A

specialized lymphocytes

1) B cells (produce antibodies)

2) T cells
- helper T cells
- killer T cells

37
Q

specificity =

A

based on shape recognition of cell surface antigens

38
Q

diversity =

A

any shape can be recognized by a B or T lymphocytes and trigger an immune reaction

39
Q

memory =

A

once a pathogen has activated the immune system, memory cells remain and will protect against a secondary infection

40
Q

self-tolerance =

A

the immune system does not attack itself

41
Q

Phagocytes:

A
  • Monocytes and Macrophages
  • abundant near mucosal surfaces where microorganisms and debris collect
  • antigen processing, and secretion of mediators important to initiation of specific immune responses

Next stop lymphoid organs -> macrophage (innate) present antigens to T lymphocytes (adaptive)

42
Q

Monocytes:

A

circulate in the blood

43
Q

Macrophage:

A

present in tissue

44
Q

Monocytes and Macrophages contain receptors that facilitate their action in the nonspecific pathway =

A

engulf and destroy a pathogen and antigen-specific pathway: trigger T cells

45
Q

Phagocyte Steps =

A
  • Present the foreign material antigen to T lymphocytes
  • T cells trigger the release of cytokines
  • Cytokine release causes B lymphocytes to produce antibodies
  • Antibody molecules released
46
Q

dendritic cells =

A

antigen presenting cells

47
Q

Leukocytes:

A
  • White Blood Cells
  • Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte:
    > B Cells
    > T Cells
    > NK
48
Q

All WBCs created in the ___

A

bone marrow

49
Q

T Lymphocytes:

A

70-80% of blood lymphocytes

50
Q

B Lymphocytes:

A

10-15% of blood lymphocytes

51
Q

Natural Killer:

A

< 5%

52
Q

T Cells mature in the __

A

thymus

53
Q

Mature T cells migrate to the __

A

lymphoid tissues

54
Q

T Cells recirculate between the blood and the lymph fluid via

A

hydrostatic and osmotic pressures

55
Q

Lymph fluid =

A

collection of interstitial fluid by way of lymph capillaries

cleaned by lymphocytes in the lymph nodes

56
Q

hydrostatic pressure =

A

water being pushed out by some force

if there is a lot of water in the blood vessel, it will get pushed out = edema in the tissues

57
Q

osmotic pressure =

A

water moving from its area of high concentration to its area of low concentration

if there are too many particles in the plasma, water will be sucked into the blood vessel = blood pressure elevates

58
Q

thymus:

A

primary central gland of immune system

fully developed at birth

reaches maximum size at puberty

decreases in function and replaced with adipose tissue through adult

59
Q

T Lymphocytes: Antigen Specific (Adaptive) Cell-mediated Immune Response

A

Involved in the cell-mediated immune response:

> Does not involve antibodies (Humoral)

> Link between phagocytic activity and B cell activation

60
Q

Activation of a phagocyte by a pathogen causes:

A

an antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell to release cytokine

release of cytokine activates antigen specific B Cells

61
Q

Leukocytes: T Lymphocytes

A

Bridge Innate Immune to Antigen Specific

62
Q

Natural Killer T Cells =

A

Critical cell in the innate immune system (nonspecific pathway)

Provides a rapid general response to foreign agents

63
Q

T Helper Cell =

A

Play a critical role in the adaptive immune system (Antigen specific)

1) Activate and regulate the release of cytokine from Cytotoxic T cells (cell mediator)

2) Activate B cells to secrete antibodies

64
Q

Cytotoxic T Cell =

A

Initiator of the adaptive immune response

Releases cytokines

65
Q

B Lymphocytes =

A

Secrete antibodies

66
Q

Lymphocytes: B Cells

A

Maturation occurs in the bone marrow ->
pre B Cells transition into naïve B cells (have not been exposed to an antigen)

67
Q

B cells circulate from blood to

A

lymph fluid ->

antigen activation produces long lasting memory B cells ->

that live primarily in the spleen and lymph nodes

68
Q

Secreted immunoglobulin =

A

antibodies

69
Q

Surface immunoglobulin =

A

antigen receptors

70
Q

Leukocytes: Neutrophils:

A

> Directly contribute to the innate immune system

> Indirectly contribute to the adaptive immune system via cytokine production

> Phagocytes that attack small foreign agents

> Attracted to antigens by chemotactic factors

> most abundant WBC 75%

> Early responder = hallmark of acute inflammation

71
Q

Neutrophils are recruited to inflammatory site by the following mediators:

A

Plasma activated complements

Leukotriene

Platelet-activating factor

72
Q

Neutrophils
Mechanism of Action:

A

Release lysosomal enzymes to destroy larger foreign agents

73
Q

Leukocytes: Eosinophils:

A

> Innate Immune System

> Often found in inflammatory sites or sites of immune reactivity

> Similar to neutrophils = less effective in phagocytosis

> Release chemokines and histamines to attract antigens

> Responsible for combatting parasites and infection

> Disease-Infections fighting white blood cell

> Presence indicates a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer

74
Q

Leukocytes: Basophils:

A

> Innate Immune System

> Play an important role in immediate and late phase allergic responses

> Cell mediators that assist in regulating immune responses

75
Q

Basophils Release:

A

histamine -> vasodilator

leukotrienes -> mediate
inflammation

prostaglandins -> inflammation

heparin -> anticoagulation

76
Q

Mast cell =

A

Similar to basophilic cells = secrete histamines during an allergic reaction

77
Q

Lymphatic vessels =

A

carry lymph fluid which moves immune system cells -> immune system constantly scanning for antigens

78
Q

Primary lymphoid organs =

A

Bone Marrow -> All immune system cells derived from bone marrow

Thymus -> Differentiation of T lymphocytes

79
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs =

A

Lymph nodes -> centralize antigens and promote cell-cell interaction -> T Cells to B Cells -> antibody activation to prevent the spread of infection

Spleen -> similar to lymph nodes the spleen produces and contains B Cells and T Cells

80
Q

Inflammatory Mediators =

A

Primarily involved in the cell-mediated response -> secreted by one cell and has an effect on another cell -> T Cell release of cytokine to trigger B Cell

Mediators released during an immune response to coordinate and regulate immune cell activities -> upregulate and down regulate

81
Q

3 Inflammatory Mediators =

A

Cytokine (protein) = produced by leukocytes to regulate immune responses

Leukotriene (lipid) = produced by leukocytes to regulate immune responses

Histamine = produced by basophils & mast cells -> plays a central role as a mediator of itching

82
Q

Innate system: Natural immunity

A

Present at birth, does not required previous antigen exposure

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on macrophage bind to foreign agents

Trigger a cascade of events via T cells to trigger the adaptive system

83
Q

Adaptive system: Acquired

A

Layers of protection from epithelial cells, phagocytic cells, NK cells, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

Antigen specific

Characterized by specificity for antigens and immunologic memory -> contributes to intensified responses to subsequent encounters

Primary adaptive response typically delayed

Secondary immune response is more rapid, larger, and more efficient

84
Q

Antigen Processing & Presentation

A

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) present an antigen by transcending the innate and adaptive immune systems

APC displays an antigen that is matched with a major histocompatibility complex (MHCs)

T Cells recognize the MHC complex with T Cell receptors (TCR)

APC typically macrophage and dendritic cells

Process critical for adaptive immunity Specificity

85
Q

T-Lymphocyte Recognition & Activation

A

Presentation of antigen from APC to T Helper Cells

Activation of T Helper cells signals a cascade cellular activation that is critical in the adaptive immune response

> Cytotoxic killer cells or cytotoxic T Lymphocytes are activated

> Cytokine secreting to signal subsequent cells

7050: Clinical Medicine (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions