immune therapies

Question 1

why do we need to vaccinate?

Answer 1

prevent infectious diseases

induce immunity in individuals

protect entire communities and populations

Question 2

functions of immune therapies

Answer 2

vaccination

chronic inflammation (suppress)

autoimmunity (suppress)

Question 3

vaccines are not complately risk free. there are sometimes side effcets like

Answer 3

nausea
mild fever

Question 4

public trust is very important

Question 5

vaccines only really work at population levels

what % of the population must be vaccinated for the virus to stop circulating in population?

Answer 5

about 95%

Question 6

how do vaccines work?

Answer 6

stimulate adaptive immunity and generate long term immunological memory

replicate immune response from natural response without causing illness

Question 7

EFFECTOR t cells do what?

Answer 7

help innate immune cells to clear infection +

communicate with b cells and activate b cells that differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies

Question 8

what antibodies do b cells produce

Answer 8

b cells produce IgM, broad specificity

Question 9

what antibodies do plasma cells produce

Answer 9

plasma cells produce IgG, more high affinity and specific antibodies

Question 10

IgG or IgM antibodies are better?

Answer 10

IgG more specific and higher affinity which is better

think G for good!

Question 11

primary vs secondary response?

Answer 11

primary => low specficity IgM first, high specificity IgG slightly longer

secondary response => more rapid and effective, more IgG produced by long lived plasma cells

Question 12

live attenuated vaccines

Answer 12

live pathogens but are weakened by genetic manipulations

Question 13

why is live attenuated vaccine so effective?

Answer 13

first dose produces large amounts of IgG

excellent life long immunity

Question 14

inactivated vaccine type

Answer 14

take a pathogen and kill it through chemical or physical processing

cannot replicate or cause disease so its safer

but weak immune response generated so more doses of vaccine are needed

Question 15

subunit vaccine type

Answer 15

take components of the pathogen you want to immunise against

no live components

just proteins or peptides

Question 16

viral vector vaccine type

Answer 16

modify a unrelated harmless virus, use it to deliver genetic material of the actual virus

Question 17

live attenuated vs subunit/inactivated

Answer 17

live attenuated
- stronger
- one dose enough
- but may be less safe for people with weaker immune system

subunit/inactivated
- multiple doses needed
- weaker

Question 18

what are adjuvants

Answer 18

enhances the immune response to vaccine antigens

Question 19

what are the uses of aluminum and calcium salts in vaccine?

Answer 19

they act as adjuvants

maintain and prolong antigen stability

enhances and prolongs antigen presentation

granuloma formation

found in subunit type

Question 20

how are many vaccines administered?

Answer 20

intramuscular or subcutaenous

Question 21

colonisation of the oral cavity by s.mutans stimulate production of which 2 antibodies?

Answer 21

IgA and IgG

Question 22

polio vaccine is what type

Answer 22

inactivated

Question 23

MMR vaccine is what type of vaccine

Answer 23

live attenuated

Question 24

hep b and hpv vaccine is what type of vaccine?

Answer 24

subunit

so is tetanus, diphtheria

Question 25

examples of conventional immunosuppressive drugs

Answer 25

corticosteroids
NSAIDs (ibuprofen and aspirin)
methotrexate

Question 26

examples of targeted immunosuppressive drugs

Answer 26

biological therapies

Question 27

prednisolone is a what drug

Answer 27

corticosteroid

synthetic version of cortisol

Question 28

what do corticosteroids do?

Answer 28

decreases inflamamtion
reduce pro inflammatory mediators
decrease in cell adhesion molecules

Question 29

thromboxane A2 vs leukotrienes vs prostaglandins

Answer 29

Thromboxanes promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction.

Leukotrienes are involved in the inflammatory response, promote the recruitment of immune cells and enhance vascular permeability, contributing to inflammation.

Prostaglandins - modulation of inflammation, can have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects

Question 30

another name for NSAIDs

Answer 30

cox II inhibitors

Question 31

what do cox II inhibitors do?

Answer 31

they inhibit arachidonic acid -> prostaglandins

prostaglandins makes us feel pain. switch it off so less pain.

Question 32

how are biological therapies ie biologics more effective?

Answer 32

they are more SPECIFIC antibodies made from human genes

Question 33

is tnf alpha pro or anti inflammatory

Answer 33

pro

Question 34

rheumatoid arthritis is treated using what drug

Answer 34

methotrexate, or biologics

Question 35

can biologics be used to treat periodontitis since rheumatoid arthritis is quite similar? in that they are both chronic inflammatory diseases..?

Question 36

Name the type of vaccine that needs to be administered with an adjuvant

Answer 36

Subunit/inactivated type

Question 37

rationale for dental caries vaccine?

Answer 37

bacteria streptococci causes tooth decay

they adhere to the tooth surface

could vaccination be used to block colonization?

if you can stimulate igg and iga antibody production using vaccine, it could delay or prevent colonization of streptococci on tooth surfaces and thus can prevent caries

Question 38

what are some biological and ethical considerations of producing a dental vaccine?

Answer 38

biologically - can cause resistance? vaccine boosters needed? disrupt commensal microbiome? difficult to target all bacteria involved in caries development? may cultivate more harmful bacteria?

ethical - may cause vaccinated patients to end up consuming more sugar if they think that their risk of caries are low now, clinical trials might cause harm to the test group if their commensal oral microbiome is disrupted, may cause perio or caries, having to test on people with no decay is not ethical as they may end up getting decays from the testing and trials