Immunisation Flashcards
List 10 conditions for which passive immunisation is used
Agammaglobulinaemia Measles Hepatitis B Varicella Rabies Tetanus Diphtheria Botulism Bites/stings Autoimmunity
What are the 5 types of living immunising agents used?
Unattenuated (different host or route of infection)
Empirically attenuated
Rationally attenuated
Reassortants
Ag expressed on living vector (great concept but no examples yet)
Give 3 examples of living unattenuated vaccines. Why do these work without causing infection?
Respiratory adenovirus (given orally, different route to infection)
Rotavirus (bovine or monkey given, different host)
Vaccinia (?)
Give 5 examples of living empirically attenuated viral vaccines
Polio (Sabin OPV) MMR VZV Rotavirus Yellow fever
Give 2 examples of living empirically attenuated bacterial vaccines
BCG
Typhoid
What is the difference between an empirically and a rationally attenuated vaccine?
Empirically attenuated: organism grown under conditions it doesn’t like, select for mutants which grow well in these conditions and they should not grow as well in humans
Rationally attenuated: attenuated using prior knowledge about the organism and its mechanism of growth and infection
Give an example of a living rationally attenuated vaccine
Cholera (mercury resistance used as a marker to check vaccine is not causing disease)
Give 2 examples of reassortant vaccines and the organisms’ type of genome
Rotavirus (dsRNA)
Influenza (ssRNA)
How do reassortant vaccines work without causing disease?
Organism genome has been reassorted so that it is not virulent but is still immunogenic
List 5 classifications of non-replicating immunising agents. Which of these are still experimental?
Inactivated virion, bacterium Purified product, component (+/- modification) Product of cloned gene Synthetic immunogen (experimental only) DNA vaccine (experimental only)
Give 5 examples of inactivated viral vaccines
Polio (Salk IPV) Influenza Hepatitis A Japanese encephalitis Rabies
Give 4 examples of inactivated bacterial vaccines
Cholera (oral and injected)
Typhoid
Pertussis (whole cell)
Q fever
Why is the whole cell pertussis vaccine no longer used?
Produces a fever
List 2 viral component vaccines and the components used in each
Hepatitis B (using recombinant DNA for HBsAg) HPV (virus-like particles)
What are the components used in the acellular pertussis vaccine?
3-5 components, including pertussis toxin, filamentous HA, pertactin
Give 3 examples of component vaccines utilising toxoids
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Cholera (added to living rationally attenuate vaccine)
Give 2 examples of component vaccines utilising unmodified capsular PS
23-valent pneumococcal
Vi for typhoid
Give 5 examples of component vaccines utilising conjugated capsular PS
Hib 10-valent pneumococcal 13-valent pneumococcal Meningococcal 4-valent meningococcal
What are 3 advantages of living vaccines?
Broader immune response
Local immunity (sometimes)
Ease of administration (sometimes)
What are the disadvantages of living vaccines?
Can cause disease via back mutation, spread (esp to immunocompromised individuals) or contamination
May fail if vaccine “dies” (“cold chain” required), if there is pre-existing immunity or if there is interference from immunity acquired to another similar agent
What are 4 advantages of killed vaccines?
Stable
Contamination unlikely
Can’t spread
Safe for immune deficient
What are 4 disadvantages of killed vaccines?
Weaker immune response
High dose
Need adjuvants
Expensive
What vaccination/s are given at birth?
Hep B
What vaccination/s are given at 2, 4 and 6 months?
HepB DTPa Hib IPV 13vPCV Rotavirus
