immunisations

Question 2

what immunisations do you need at 8 weeks?

Answer 2

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, h. influenzae B (HiB) and HepB
Meningococcal B (MenB)
Rotavirus gastroenteritis

Question 3

what vaccinations do you need at 12 weeks?

Answer 3

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, HiB and HepB
Pneumococcal (13 serotypes)

rotavirus

Question 4

what vaccinations do you need at 16 weeks?

Answer 4

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, HiB, HepB
MenB

Question 5

what vaccinations do you need at 1 year old

Answer 5

HiB and MenC
Pneumococcal
Measles, mumps and rubella
MenB

Question 6

from toddler up to adult what imms is available yearly?

Answer 6

influenzae
live attenuated vaccine - nostril

Question 7

at 3yrs 4months what immunisations are available?

Answer 7

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio
Measles, mumps and rubella

Question 8

what vaccinations are for boys and girls aged 12-13yrs?

Answer 8

Cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and genital warts

Question 9

what vaccinations are for year 9 students - 14yrs?

Answer 9

Tetanus, diphtheria, polio
Meningococcal A, C, W, Y

Question 10

why is menACWY for yr 9 students?

Answer 10

most common incidence rates at that age of those strains

Question 11

AT 65YRS what vaccinations are available?

Answer 11

pneumococcal 23 serotypes - PPV

Question 12

every year after 65th birthday, what vaccination is offered?

Answer 12

influenza

Question 13

what vaccination is available at 70th birthday?

Answer 13

shingles

Question 14

what vaccinations are available for pregnant women?

Answer 14

pertussis every pregnancy - from 16weeks gestation
influenza in winter

Question 15

how does live attenuated vaccines work?

Answer 15

Contain a version of living microbe that has been weakened (cultured so many times – does not have disease) and can not reproduce very easily anymore
- Active immunity
- Elicit strong cellular and AB response and often confer to lifelong immunity with one or two disease

Question 16

what are live attenuated vaccines contra indicated in?

Answer 16

immunosuppressed
very young children?

Question 17

name some examples of live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 17

MMR, BCG, rotavirus, shingles, nasal flu spray

Question 18

what are inactivated vaccines?

Answer 18

Microbe is killed by chemicals, head, radiation

Question 19

what is advantages of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 19

Advantages: do not need refrigeration, More stable and safer than live as can not revert back
- Accessible in developing countries can be freeze-dried

Question 20

what are disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 20

Disadvantages: stimulate weaker immune response than live
- Need more doses to be as effective

Question 21

what are examples of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 21

Examples: 5 in 1, 4 in 1, HiB/MenC, flu jab

Question 22

what are subunit and recomb subunit vaccines?

Answer 22

Include AG or epitopes the parts stimulating best immune response
- Subunit: made from microbes, grown in lab then broken aprt by chemicals and relevant antigens collected
- Recomb: contain AG inserted into common harmless organisms eg candida. AG produced by candida are then produced

Question 23

what are advantages of subunit and recomb subunit vaccines?

Answer 23

only few antigens used, lower risk of adverse effects

Question 24

what are examples of subunit and recomb subunit vaccines?

Answer 24

BCG – HepB, MenB, HPV, MenACWY

Question 25

what are toxoid vaccines?

Answer 25

Useful when bacterial toxin is cause of illness rather than bacteria itself - Toxins are inactivated by formaldehyde - Immune system produced AB that lock and block onto toxin

Question 26

name some toxoid vaccines?

Answer 26

diphtheria and tetanus

Question 27

what are conjugate vaccines?

Answer 27

Used in cases where bacterial defence is by virtue of its polysaccharide coating and where it can hide form immune system - Recognisable antigens or toxoids are linked to the polysaccharides to induce a response from them

Question 28

name some conjugate vaccines

Answer 28

h. influenza type B (HiB), PCV in young and pneumococcus in 65+

Question 29

what are DNA vaccines?

Answer 29

Certain microbial genes are introduced into body and then direct AB mediated immune response against free floating microbial DNA - Cellular response ad cells take up DNA because they manufacture and display antigens on their surface and provoke strong response

Question 30

what are examples of dna vaccines?

Answer 30

covid, influenzas, herpes

Question 31

what are recomb vector vaccines?

Answer 31

Similar to DNA but use attenuated bacteria or virus to introduce the microbial dna - Virus transports virus direct into body cells - Bacteria manufacture and display relevqnt antigens on surface and give strong immune response

Question 32

nmae some recomb vector vaccines

Answer 32

hiv rabies measles

Question 33

can you have vaccinations with a fever?

Answer 33

- A fever is a contra indication – most be postponed

Question 34

what do you do with a preemie baby?

Answer 34

- Babies should start imms at 8weeks despite gestation age  IMMUNE system can handle

Question 35

should vaccinations have some many parts within them?

Answer 35

no evidence suggesting less effective less needles and vaccinations

Question 36

is the amount of childhood vaccinations bad?

Answer 36

- The immunisation schedule does not ‘bombard’ childs immune system

Question 37

does immunisations cause autism

Answer 37

no - andrew wakefield was disproved and lost his medical licence