Immunity

Question 1

Immunity

Answer 1

body’s specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism

Question 2

Immune system function (2)

Answer 2

1. Body’s defense mechanism (Physical injury & Infection)
   2.Maintains homeostasis (Equilibrium of internal environment &
   surveillance)

Question 3

list factors that affect the immune system (5)

Answer 3

1. genetics (some patients are born w antibodies missing)
2. general physical condition (Comorbidities, risk for infection)
3. Medications (stim / suppress)
4. Dietary patterns (lack of nutrients for healthy cells)
5. Stress

Question 4

disorders of the immune system can result from… (6)

Answer 4

1. genetics
2. acquired
3. excess or deficiencies of immunocompetent cells
4. alteration in function of cells
5. immunologic attack on self-antigens
6. inappropriate / exaggerated responses

Question 5

list a few example disorders of the immune system (3)

Answer 5

1. autoimmune diseases
2. hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)
3. infections

Question 6

the bone marrow produces ____ & contains 2 types of ____ called ____ & _____

Answer 6

WBCs, lymphocytes, B cells & T cells

Question 7

B cells vs. T cells

Answer 7

B cells: humoral immunity; antibody production
T cells: cellular immunity; several types

Question 8

lymphoid tissue contains the _____ & ______

Answer 8

spleen & lymph nodes

Question 9

spleen
- function
- contains high concentration of ____

Answer 9

• filters out old & injured RBCs
• high concentration of lymphocytes

Question 10

lymph nodes
- location
- function

Answer 10

• all over the body, connected by lymph channels & capillaries
• remove foreign material before it enters the blood stream
• center for immune cell proliferation

Question 11

natural (innate) vs acquired (adaptive) immunity

Answer 11

natural (innate):
- nonspecific
- present at birth
- *defense agonist & resistance to infection
- inflammatory response
- physical / chemical barriers (skin, gastric acid in stomach, MHC)
- immune regulation

Acquired (adaptive):
- specific
- after birth
- “learned” through exposure or vaccinations (contracted disease, vaccinations)

Question 12

list & describe the two types of acquired / adaptive immunity

Answer 12

active: defense’s developed by person’s own body (lasts long time); patient actively had illness & body creates own antibodies

passive: temporary loan from source outside of body (Antibody infusions)

Question 13

list & briefly describe the three types of defense

Answer 13

1. phagocytic immune response: PAC MAN gobbles invaders!! (WBCs ingest & destroy foreign particles)
2. Humoral or antibody immune response (B cells respond w antibodies; memory cells!)
3. Cellular immune response (T cells attack foreign particles)

Question 14

describe phagocytic immune response (3)

Answer 14

• first line
• WBCs ingest & destroy foreign particles
• macrophages & -phils!

Question 15

describe Humoral immunity (B cells)

Answer 15

• recognition of antigen
• immunoglobulins (built in antibodies)
• production of antibodies
• circulates in peripheral blood
• antigen-antibody binding

Question 16

list example responses of humoral immunity (4)

Answer 16

1. anaphylaxis
2. allergic hay fever & asthma
3. immune complex disease
4. bacterial & some viral infections

Question 17

list the 5 humoral immunity antibodies & their percentages

Answer 17

IgG (75%), IgA (15%), IgM (10%), IgE (<1%), & IgD (<1%)

Question 18

Describe IgG

Answer 18

*most prevalent!!
- blood & tissue infections
- activates complement system (calls immune system to fight the problem)
- enhances phagocytosis
- crosses the placenta
- often seen in immune deficiency

Question 19

describe IgA
- where is it found?
- what does it prevent?

Answer 19

• found in breast milk, saliva, tears, colostrum, & bronchial / intestinal secretions
• prevents adherence of microorganisms to mucosal epithelium

Question 20

describe IgM
- where is it mostly found?
- when is it first produced?

Answer 20

• mostly in intravascular systems
• first produced in response to bacterial or viral infections
• blood group compatibility

Question 21

describe IgE
- who is it often found in?
- how does it work?

Answer 21

• found in people w atopic allergies / infected w parasitic worms
• antigen triggers release of histamine & initiates the cascade

Question 22

describe IgD
- what does it activate & signal?

Answer 22

Possibly activates basophils & mast cells, signals B cells to be activated

Question 23

describe cell-mediated immunity (T cells)
- cells mature in the ____
- does NOT produce ____
- major role?

Answer 23

• mature in thymus
• circulates in peripheral blood
• does NOT produce antibodies
• major role: surveillance

Question 24

list & briefly describe examples of responses of cell-mediated immunity (4)

Answer 24

1. transplant rejection
2. delayed hypersensitivity (TB reaction) - EX: type 4 allergic reaction when patients get exposed & have a delayed reaction (poison ivy)
3. Graft versus host disease - foreign object placed in body & body tries to attack it
4. tumor surveillance - recognition or destruction

Question 25

list the effector T cells (3)

Answer 25

1. Helper T cells (CD4) 2. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) 3. Natural Killer cells

Question 26

Helper T cells (CD4) - describe roles

Answer 26

- Facilitate action of other types of T & B cells (Sends out signals!!) - Stimulate immune system - Releases cytokines (chemicals that call for help)

Question 27

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) - describe roles

Answer 27

- Directly attack antigen & destroy it - Causes lysis - Releases cytokines

Question 28

natural killer cells - describe roles

Answer 28

- Destroy infected & stressed cells - Secrete macrophage cytokine

Question 29

cytokines - role - what are they produced by? - list the 4 functions

Answer 29

- mediate interactions between cells - produced by lymphocytes (signals for WBCs) - 4 functions: enhancement of phagocyte activity, regulate lymphocyte production & function, inflammatory response, systemic effects (fever, bone marrow stimulation)

Question 30

list the 5 types of cytokines

Answer 30

1. interleukins 2. colony-stimulating factors 3. interferons 4. tumor necrosis factor - TNF 5. monoclonal antibodies (MABs)

Question 31

describe interleukins - function

Answer 31

***active inflammation***, induces fever, activates T, B, & NK cells

Question 32

describe colony-stimulating factors

Answer 32

Cytokines that regulate production, differentiation, survival, & activation of hematopoietic cells

Question 33

describe interferons & when they are active

Answer 33

- Antiviral & antitumor properties - Active when body gets infected w a virus or tumor!

Question 34

describe tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - what does it induce? - growth factor for ____ - necrotizes ____

Answer 34

- Induces endotoxic shock - Growth factor for fibroblasts - ***Necrotizes tumor cells***

Question 35

monoclonal antibodies - MABs - describe - what do they stimulate?

Answer 35

Made in lab to stimulate immune system

Question 36

which gender has an increased risk for immune disorders?

Answer 36

women

Question 37

an immune system is considered ____ if a patient has a lot of allergies

Answer 37

overactive

Question 38

describe psychoneuroimmunologic factors

Answer 38

guided imagery used esp in cancer patients (helps immune system to heal)

Question 39

list treatments that alter immune response (4)

Answer 39

1. surgery 2. radiation 3. drug therapy (chemotherapy, immunosuppression - transplants, anti-inflammatory) 4. immunotherapy - biologic response modifiers (growth factors, interleukins, interferons)