Immunity Flashcards

Question

hypersensitivity

Answer 1

altered injurious immune reactivity to a specific antigen in a sensitised host general features - response elicited by antigens - endogenous, exogenous, or non-microbial imbalance of effector and control mechanisms associated with susceptibility genes poorly controlled normal effector mechanisms cause tissue injury mechanisms sensitisation and effector phases

Answer 2

previously sensitised individual antigen binds to IgE antibody on mast cell surface excessive Th2 response promotes inflammation systemic or local reaction 2 phase - intermediate - vasodilation, vascular leakage, smooth muscle spasm, gland secretion late - infiltration with leukocytes and destruction of mucosal epithelium local immediate hypersensitivity reactions systemic anaphylaxis - vascular shock, oedema, respiratory distress mediators - histamine enzymes proteoglycans arachidonic acids cytokines diagnosis - signs mast cells tryptase post mortem - acute cardiogenic failure, diffuse congestion of lungs, liver and intestines, marked diffuse alveolar oedema degeneration of centrolobular hepatocytes, increased mast cells

Answer 3

antibodies react with antigens on cell surfaces or in ECM destroy target cells - trigger inflammation or interfere with normal function IgG and IgM 3 mechanisms - opsonisation and phagocytosis - IMHA inflammation - glomerular nephritis, vascular issues, organ rejection dysfunction - myasthenia gravis

Answer 4

antigen-antibody complexes formed inflammation at site of depostion eg blue eye in canine adenovirus, FIP

Answer 5

CD4 T cell mediated organ specific disease, inflammation - activate macrophages tuberculin skin reaction

Answer 6

local hypersensitivity type 1 cutaneous only erythema pruritus uricaria angioedema

Answer 7

mild - skin/mucosal tissue without other organ involvement moderate - involving 2 or more organ systems severe - evidence of neurological compromise moderate and severe classified as anaphylaxis

Answer 8

innate granulocytes in connective tissue adjacent to blood vessles and lymphatics in skin and mucosa degranulate to release histamine when exposed to inciting agent and IgE

Answer 9

increased vasodilation and permeability of vessels

Answer 10

only in GIT, secondary lymphoid tissues, adipose tissue, thymus, mammary gland, and uterus acts with mast cells as allergic effector unit - regulate mast cells and vice versa granule content can cause tissue damage

Answer 11

lack of responsiveness to own antigen 4 mechanisms - central - T and B cells apoptosed T cells pushed to becoming T regs peripherally - Y and B cells become unreactive T regs locally repress immune system

Answer 12

tested, brain, eye don't communicate with blood/lymph so thymus doesn't need to tell lymphocytes not to react to self leakage into tissues --> exposure to immune response --> marked and chronic response difficult to elicit immune response to antigens in these sites

Answer 13

defective tolerance - breakdown of self tolerance mechanisms genetic increased expression of self antigens or changes to self antigens - antigens undergo structural changes - cellular stress or injury immune system not tolerant of new epitropes inflammation/infection - upregulation of costimulators on antigen presenting cells that present self antigens infectious agents present antigens that look like self antigens polyclonal b cell activation tissue injury - self antigen release that may be altered stimulates production of cytokines

Answer 14

systemic or cutaneous - lesions in multiple tissues or just skin systemic - loss of B and T cell tolerance to self antigens autoantibodies produced type 3 hypersensitivity reaction deposition of anti-antibody complexes - in glomerulus, blood vessels, skin, and joints presentations - renal disease polyarthitis hematologic disorders respiratory or neurologic dysfunction cutaneous - often nose ulcerative dermatitis, alopecia signs - fever polyarteritis glomerularnephritis mucocutaneous lesions skin lesions lymph node and spleen enlargement diagnosis - IMHA, lymphopenia, increase CD4:CD8 ratio antinuclear antibody titre - dogs

Answer 15

group of autoimmune skin disease immune reaction against anchoring collagens pustules, vesicles, bullae, erosions, ulcers histo - epidermal thickening, loss of adhesion between epithelial cells

Answer 16

of somatic cells, germs cells, or mitochondria autosomal dominant - polycystic kidney disease autosomal recessive - lysosomal storage disease X-linked - duchenne's muscular dystrophy

Answer 17

turner like syndrome - x monosomy horses and pigs small body, poor comformation, angular, deformities small and inactive ovaries diagnosis by karotyping

Answer 18

diabetes type 1 systemic lupus erythematous

Answer 19

persian cats and bull terriers mutated polycysin 1 or 2 gene modified cilia function and cell proliferation and migration --> renal failure PUPD low USG azotemia bilaterally enlarged or shrunken kidneys large cysts with firm pale areas (fibrosis) in between cats - also cysts in liver and pancreas

Answer 20

young animals lack of protein for lysosomal degeneration pathways signs depend on part of CNS affected - ataxia, head and limb tremors typically no gross lesions may see accumulated material in macrophages in blood of CSF urinalysis - gags

Answer 21

lack of dystrophin gene muscle fibres susceptible to repeated necrosis, regeneration and fibrosis progressive muscle atrophy --> weakness in diaphragm --> impaired respiration and hiatal hernia

Immunity Flashcards

(45 cards)