Immunity Flashcards
(18 cards)
How vaccination can lead to protection against bacterium (6 marks)
-Antigen on surface of bacterium, binds to surface protein receptor on a specific B cell
-Activated B cell divide by mitosis, and division is stimulated by T cell
-B cell release antibodies
-Some B cell become memory cell
-Memory B cell produce antibodies faster
what is an antigen
-foreign protein
-that stimulates an immune response
what is an antibody
-a protein specific to an antigen
-produced by B cells
percentage change
(final-initial)/initial x100
explain the diff between the mean conc of antibodies in blood samples 1, 2 and 3
-sample 1, (before vaccination), no antibody produced because patients not yet encountered vaccine
-sample 2, (primary response), expansion of B cell into plasma cell (clonal expansion)
-sample 3, (secondary response), memory cell produce more antibodies faster
describe how vaccination can lead to protection against bacteria
-antigen on surface of bacterium, binds to surface protein receptor on a specific B cell
-activated/stimulated B cell divide by mitosis, and division stimulated by T cell
-B cell release antibodies
-some B cell become memory cells
-memory cell produce antibodies faster
describe how a population of Nm (a bacteria) can become resistant to antibiotics
-mutation
-results in Nm cell with allele for resistance to penicillin
-the cell survives and passes on the allele for resistance to offspring
-process is repeated with different genes conferring resistance to other antibiotics
contrast the structure of a bacterial cell and the structure of human cell
-bacterial cell much smaller than human cell
-bacterial DNA is circular but human DNA is linear
-bacterial cell lacks membrane-bound organelle but human cells has membrane-bound organelle
-baterial cell lacks a nucleus but human cells has a nucleus
-bacterial cell has a cell wall but human cells does not
describe how phagocytosis of a virus leads to presentation of its antigen
-phagosome fuse with lysosome
-lysosome contain lysozyme
-virus destroyed by lysozyme
-antigen from virus are displayed on cell membrane of phagocyte
describe how presentation of a virus antigen leads to the secretion of an antibody against this virus antigen
-TH cell binds to antigen on antigen-presenting cell
-this TH cell stimulate a specific B cell
-B cell divide by mitosis
this forms plasma cell that release antibodies
suggets how the immune response to this viral protein can result in the development of RA
-antibody against virus will bind to collagen
-this results in the destruction of collagen
explain why anti-AQP4 antibody only damages the nerve cells
-Anti-AQP4 antibody has specific tertiary structure
-it has a variable region that is complementary to 1 antigen
-antigen to this antibody only found on these nerve cell
-so antibody only form antigen-antibody complex with these nerve cell
use graph to suggest reason why this suggestion (in question) might be not valid
-small sample
-no stats test used
-correlation is very weak
how monoclonal antibody prevents Anti-AQP4 damaging nerve cell
-monoclonal antibody binds to nerve cell antigen so less anti-AQP4 can bind to
-when monoclonal antibody binds, it doesnt cause damage to nerve cell
2 enzyme in DNA Replication and functions
-DNA helicase
-breaks H bond between complementary nucleotides to unwind DNA
-DNA polymerase
-forms phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides
evaluate whether 10-12 year old boys should be given the HPV vaccine
-may be side effect from vaccine
-boys can be infected with HVP
-needs to be given before sexual activity ‘
-cervical cancer only affects females
-need boys to ensure herd immunity
suitable stats test and why
-correlation coefficient
-because we’re looking for relationship between 2 variables
what can you conclude about the effectiveness of Rituximab in treating patients with CLL?
-the more CD20 on B cell, more effective it is
-only destroy about 80% of B cell
-wouldnt cure CLL
