immunity

Question 1

What are the four blood types in the ABO grouping?

Answer 1

• Blood Type A
• Blood Type B
• Blood Type AB
• Blood Type O

Blood Type A individuals display A-antigens, Blood Type B individuals display B-antigens, Blood Type AB individuals display both A and B antigens, and Blood Type O individuals display no antigens.

Question 2

What do Rh (+) individuals display?

Answer 2

Rhesus antigens

Rh (-) individuals do not display Rhesus antigens.

Question 3

What is the role of Helper T-cells?

Answer 3

Analyze pathogens and recruit B-cells

Helper T-cells release chemical signals that stimulate macrophages, B cells, and T cells.

Question 4

What is blood type O known as in blood transfusions?

Answer 4

Universal Donor

Blood Type O contains neither antigens on its RBCs, making it invisible when entering the bloodstream.

Question 5

What happens during agglutination?

Answer 5

Clumping of RBCs

Occurs when RBCs with a specific antigen come into contact with plasma that has the matching antibody.

Question 6

What is the function of Suppressor T cells?

Answer 6

Monitor killer T-cells and inhibit other T and B cells

Suppressor T-cells end the immune response and prevent destruction of healthy tissues.

Question 7

What do Killer T cells do?

Answer 7

Recognize and destroy infected or cancerous cells

They bind to and puncture infected cells, leading to cell lysis.

Question 8

What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in specific defenses?

Answer 8

• B cells
• T cells

B cells mature in bone marrow, while T cells mature in the thymus gland.

Question 9

What triggers the inflammatory response?

Answer 9

Damage to tissue

This causes the release of histamine by basophils, leading to capillary swelling and leakage.

Question 10

What is a pathogen?

Answer 10

An organism that can cause disease

Pathogens can infect the host, leading to illness.

Question 11

What are the physical barriers in the first line of defense?

Answer 11

• Eyelashes
• Cilia in respiratory tract
• Hairs in nose

These barriers help prevent pathogens from entering the body.

Question 12

What are antibodies?

Answer 12

Proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens

They trigger events to neutralize or destroy pathogens.

Question 13

What are the types of vaccines mentioned?

Answer 13

• Inactivated vaccines
• Live-attenuated vaccines
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines
• Viral vector vaccines
• DNA vaccines
• Subunit vaccines

These vaccines help the body develop immunity to specific pathogens.

Question 14

What is an allergy?

Answer 14

An exaggerated immune response to a harmless material

Allergies can manifest as acute or delayed reactions.

Question 15

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 15

Chronic inflammation of the joint linings

It is considered an autoimmune disorder.

Question 16

What is the role of Memory T cells?

Answer 16

Keep a record of antigens for quicker future responses

They do not respond on first exposure but remain in the blood for future invasions.

Question 17

What is the significance of Blood Type AB in transfusions?

Answer 17

Universal Recipient

Blood Type AB has no antibodies in plasma, allowing it to accept any blood type without agglutination.