Immunity Flashcards
(20 cards)
Antigen presenting cells
Phagocytes (after phagocytosis)
Pathogens
Types of leukocytes
Lymphocytes and phagocytes
Types of lymphocytes
B and T cells
Which leukocyte is has an irregular shape
Phagocytes
Which leukocyte has a regular shape
Lymphocytes
Which leukocyte is involved in phagocytosis
Phagocytes
Which leukocytes are involved in immune responses
Lymphocytes
How is phagocytosis not specific
It engulfs any pathogen
Process of phagocytosis
Phagocyte approaches the pathogen
Phagocyte engulfs the pathogen
Forms a phagosome
Phagosome fuses with lysosome
Forms phagolysosome
Lysozyme enzymes digest (hydrolyse) the pathogen
Products are absorbed by the phagocyte or pushed out
Phagocyte displays the pathogen’s antigens
How are products of phagocytosis pushed out of the cell
Exocytosis
What enzymes do lysosomes contain
Lysozymes
Why are vaccines not ingested
They would be destroyed by stomach acid before able to be absorbed into the blood
What cell makes antibodies
B Lymphocytes (Plasma cells)
What are antibodies
Y - shaped proteins which bind to antigens
Agglutination
The clumping of pathogens due to antibodies binding to antigens, causing more efficient phagocytosis
Process of humoral response
Phagocytosis occurs, presenting antigens on the phagocyte membrane
The B lymphocyte is activated by the antigen presentation
B lymphocytes divide rapidly by mitosis
Specialise into memory cells or plasma cells (cytokine from T cells)
How do memory cells work
They stay in the body for a long time
If reinfected, they clone and specialise into plasma cells quickly to produce antibodies
Process of cell mediated response
Antigen detection causes cloning of T lymphocytes by mitosis
Effector T cells cause lysis of pathogen
Helper T cells activate B lymphocytes to become plasma cells with cytokine
Plasma cells can then produce antibodies
Where do B cells mature
Bone marrow
Where do T cells mature
Thymus gland
