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Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Example of endotoxin

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

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2
Q

Example of exotoxin

A

botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin

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3
Q

Bacteria that can create spores

A

Clostridium and bacillus

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4
Q

Obligate intracellular bacteria

A

Chlamydia and Rickettsiae

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5
Q

Optional intracellular bacteria

A

Mycobacterium

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6
Q

Over ____% of cells in our body are bacterial cells

A

90%

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7
Q

Most common nosocomial disease is

A

staph aureus

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8
Q

Two most common bacteria in our gut

A

Bacteroides and escherichia (both gram negative)

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9
Q

Are there any extracellular viruses?

A

No.

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10
Q

A virus will bind to _____

A

A specific cell surface protein (will be species and cell type specific)

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11
Q

About _____% of our genome is made of viral DNA

A

5%

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12
Q

What are the two types of fungi?

A

Mold and yeast

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13
Q

Ringworm is a type of

A

Mold

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14
Q

What type of infx does aspergillus usually cause?

A

Respiratory infection. Tends to be very aggressive.

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15
Q

What is tinea?

A

General term for skin fungus

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16
Q

Examples of mononuclear phagocytes

A

Monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

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17
Q

Examples of macrophages

A

Kupffer cells, dust cells, microglia, osteoclast (not immune cells, but are aggregates of macrophages), and multinuclear giant cells

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18
Q

Example of a dendritic cell

A

Langerhans cell (found in skin)

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19
Q

Examples of lymphocytes

A

B, T, and NK cells

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20
Q

Cells that can form memory cells

A

B and T cells

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21
Q

These cells occur primarily in tissue rather than blood

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells

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22
Q

Innate humoral immune cells

A

Myeloid cells (macrophages and neutrophils)

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23
Q

Innate intracellular immune cells

A

NK cells (often looking for signs of viral infection)

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24
Q

Adaptive humoral immune cells

A

Antibodies, Th cells, and APCs (antigen presenting cells)

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25
Adaptive cell-mediated cells
Tc Cells (more specific against viruses)
26
What are cytokines?
Signaling molecules of the immune system
27
Function of macrophages and neutrophils
Both are involved in phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms. Macrophages also present antigens
28
Microvascular changes with inflammation
Vasodilation, increased permeability with fluid leakage, and WBC adherence and migration through BVs to the site of injury These cause the hallmarks of redness, warmth, and swelling that comes with inflammation
29
Fluid and debris from an inflamed site are drained by
lymphatic vessels
30
Examples of granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.
31
What is the primary phagocyte in the blood?
Neutrophil
32
What is opsonization?
Binding of antibody to an antigen to mark it for phagocytosis
33
This cell-type is responsible for the activation of the adaptive immune response
Macrophages
34
What is the main function of NK cells?
Recognition and elimination of cells infected with viruses
35
What are the stages of inflammation?
1) Initial response (vessel leakage and endothelial adherence molecules) 2) Recruitment of cells (recruit neutrophils and make more of them in the BM) 3) Removal of debris 4) Promoting repair and regeneration (by inducing fibroblast growth and collagen production)
36
Abscesses and chronic inflammation will lead to
Fibrosis
37
Secondary lymphoid tissues
Lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, tonsils, adenoids, MALT, GALT, and BALT
38
Primary lymphoid tissues
Thymus and bone marrow
39
Can one protein have multiple epitope?
Yes
40
What is the antigenic determinant?
The part of the antigen that binds to the binding domain of the antibody. This is just another word for an epitope. They are the exact same thing.
41
Can a virus infect a cell if it is attached to an antibody?
No.
42
Antibodies will bind to
Viruses, bacteria, and toxins
43
What is another term for an epitope?
Antigenic determinant
44
States of viral infection
1) Binding 2) Penetration 3) Uncoating 4) Replication 5) Budding out of the cell
45
Example of a mold
Ringworm
46
Three most common fungi in medicine
Aspergillus, candida, and tinea (general skin fungus)
47
What happens when a mast cell is activated?
1) Release of granules (histamine, NCH, and ECF) | 2) Synthesis (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and PAF)
48
How mast cells synthesize things
Activation of mast cell causes activation of phospholipase A2. This cleaves parts of the plasma membrane to make arachidonic acid and platelet activating factor (PAF). Arachidonic acid is then split into cyclooxygenase (which makes prostaglandins) and 5-lipoxygenase (which makes leukotrienes).
49
What is PAMP?
Pathogen associated molecular pattern
50
Stages of inflammation
1) Initiate response (Vessel leakage and adherence molecules) 2) Recruitment of cells (more cells come and BM is stimulated to make more leukocytes) 3) Removal of debris 4) Repair and regeneration (Fibroblast growth and collagen production)
51
NK are part of the (adaptive/innate) immune system
Innate
52
What cells look for the feet of antibodies?
Macrophages
53
B Cell Development
Lymphoid stemm cell > pro-B cell > pre-B cell > Immature B cell > mature B cell > Immunocompetent (but naiive) B cell
54
A fetus has this type of immune system only
Innate | Maternal IgG will cross the placena to help the fetus.
55
The mother secretes these antibodies into breast milk
IgG and IgA
56
Th1 cells will bind to
MHC II on macrophages
57
Th2 cells will bind to
MHC II on B-cells
58
Who are the professional APCs?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
59
What and where are the immune privileged sites?
Places where T cells are not allowed to go, including: 1) Eyes 2) Brain/neurons 3) Testes/ovaries 4) Placenta / fetus
60
Example of a superantigen
TSST (Toxic shock syndrome toxin)
61
Type I Hypersensitivity
IgE Mediated, usually from an environmental antigen Allergic rhinitis Anaphylaxis Asthma For the above, remember that it's going to cause widespread histamine release and edema to cause those symptoms Remember, that because it is IgE mediated, it involves mast cells, eosinophils, and all that shit.
62
Type II Hypersensitivity
IgG mediated Antibodies produced to foreign antigen wind up binding to your own cell surfaces. This is how autoimmune reactions happen.
63
Type III Hypersensitivity
IgG mediated We have an excess of antigen in the blood. We don't want this debris floating around because it will get caught in the glomeruli and cause renal damage. Lots of antibodies respond, forming large blobs of antigen-antibody complexes. These complexes deposit on BV walls. Now, cells coming to engulf the complexes wind up damaging the BVs in the process and cause an inflammatory response. Happens in lupus, necrotizing vasculitis, and serum sickness.
64
Examples of Type I
Allergic rhinitis Anaphylaxis Asthma
65
Examples of type II
``` Hemolysis from penicillin MG Grave's Transfusion reaction Hemolytic disease of the newborn Hyperacute graft rejection ```
66
Examples of type III
Wheat gluten Lupus Necrotizing vasculitis Serum sickness
67
Examples of type IV
Poison ivy Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Type I DM Transplant rejection

Patho (14 decks)

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