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Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Word for disease-causing microorganisms

A

Pathogenic

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2
Q

Four things for a microorg to be pathogenic

A
  1. Enter host
  2. Colonise Tissues of Host
  3. Evade host’s defences
  4. Cause damage to host tissues
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3
Q

What happens when pathogen colonises host tissues

A

Infection results

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4
Q

What is a Disease

A

When an infection leads to recognisable symptoms in the host

May cause damage to tissues directly ( virus cause cell walls to break down)

Or through production of toxins (many bacteria)

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5
Q

Epidemic

A

Outbreak of infectious disease that spreads rapidly among individuals of a population at the same time

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6
Q

Pandemic

A

Outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of population

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7
Q

Bodys 3 lines of defence to resist pathogens

A
  • 1st prevent entry
  • 2nd if fail- phagocytes gather at site of infection where they ingest pathogens
  • 3rd if fail - body target particular pathogen in a specific immune response
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8
Q

Barriers to Pathogen Entry

A

•skin - outer layer consists of dead cells filled with tough protein keratin and covered in oily secretion sebum

•tears and saliva - contain enzyme lysozyme capable of digesting cell walls of bacteria

•mucus - secreted by goblet cells lining respiratory tract - traps MO and contains lysozyme - prevent from penetrating underlying membranes - cilia sweeps mucus up and out

•acid - secreted in stomach - kills most bacteria entering in water and food consumed

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9
Q

How can pathogens enter body

A

Broken skin

Large absorptive surfaces in lungs and intestines

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10
Q

Types of phagocytes

A

Polymorph - first to arrive

Macrophage - develop from monocytes in blood and are larger and longer-lived

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11
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulf bacteria and debris from damaged cells

Ingested material enclosed within a vacuole

Lysosomes fuse with the vacuole - releasing hydrolytic enzymes which destroy bacteria

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12
Q

What is a Immune Response

A

Specific response to detection of pathogens in the body

Involves lymphocytes (WBC)

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13
Q

What is an Antigen

A

Pathogens carry molecules on outer surface - recognised by body as foreign or ‘non-self’

These initiate immune response

May consist of protein, carb or glycoprotein

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14
Q

What do lymphocytes carry

A

Protein Receptor on CSM
Complementary in shape to each antigen

Complementary shape ensures specific response

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15
Q

Stem Cells

A

Unspecialised cells that can govern rise to a variety of specialised cells

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16
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced

A

Stem Cells in bone marrow

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17
Q

What are there no lymphocytes for

A

Response to any molecules on CSM of individuals own cells
(self antigens)

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18
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Mature in Bone Marrow

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Secrete antibodies which counter antigen-carrying pathogens

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19
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Mature in Thymus

Cell-mediated Immunity

Attack infected cells with antigen presented on surface

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20
Q

Activation of Lymphocytes

A

L comes into contact with non self antigen that its receptor recognises

-Appropriate B cell recognise antigen on pathogen itself
-Appropriate T cell recognise infected cells (antigen-presenting cells)

Once contact, L become sensitised - then divide by mitosis a number of times - cloned and differentiate into variety of cells

Takes time - overall delay 4 days between contact and cloning - this time is the person suffering disease

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21
Q

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

A

Cloned B-Cells develop into plasma cells which synthesise and secrete large amts of the antibody

Activity intense - so short-lived

After several weeks numbers decrease - antibodies remain in blood - eventually conc of antibodies decrease aswell

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22
Q

What are Antibodies

A

Globular proteins called Immunoglobulins

Antibody has binding site comp to particular antigen

Forms antigen-antibody complex

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23
Q

How do antibodies function

A

•may neutralise toxins produced by bacteria - antitoxins

•agglutinins - clump or agglutinate bacteria before the latter are engulfed by phagocytes

•attach to viruses - preventing them from entering host cells

•destroy bacterial cell walls - causing lysis

•attach to bacteria - enabling phagocytes to identify them

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24
Q

What are Memory Cells

Study These Flashcards
A

Cloned B-Cells that are not plasma cells and do not secrete antibodies

Live for very long time

If same antigen encountered - m cells rapidly clone to prod plasma cells - rapid response means no infection is suffered - person is immune

25
4 types of cell in Cell-Mediated Immunity
Killer Helper Memory Suppressor
26
Killer T-Cells
Destroy Infected cells directly Attach onto antigens on surface of target cell and releasing protein **perforin** -produces pores in CSM - resulting in lysis and death of target Hydrolytic Enzymes (granzymes) also secreted to aid destruction
27
Helper T-Cells
Secrete **cytokines** which promote activity of other cells Stimulate B cells to prod plasma cells - incr antibody prod Activate Killer T Cells - activate macrophages and so stimulate phagocytosis
28
Memory T Cells
do not act immediately Multiply very quickly if antigen appears again - prod even bigger crop of cloned T cells - rapid destruction of any cells that present antigen
29
Suppressor T Cells
Sensitive to circulating cytokines and release their own cytokines after successful elimination of pathogen Signals the deactivation of T and B cells and so **prevents** an **excessive reaction**
30
Cytokine Definition
Cell-signalling molecules that aid cell-to-cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the mvmnt of cells towards sites of infection and inflammation
31
What other cells do Killer T Cells destroy
Cancer (tumour) Cells - present abnormal antigens Cells of Transplanted Tissue - cells will have non-self antigens (unless identical twin)
32
Natural Passive Immunity
Antibodies pass naturally from mother to baby across placenta and in mothers breast milk (colostrum)
33
Artificial Passive Immunity
Antibodies are administered by injection Ab may be obtained from a person recovering from infection - or from an animal (injected with toxin) such as a horse -or as monoclonal antibodies produced by genetically modified mouse cells
34
Serum
Blood plasma without clotting factors but containing antibodies Live for
35
Negatives of Passive Immunity
Only temporary - antibodies are used up in antigen-antibody reactions (and naturally denature) Recipient has no plasma cells to make more
36
Positives Passive Immunity
PI provides baby w/ protection until it develops its own immune system PI only way to save someone bitten by fatally venomous snake/spider - injected w/ a serum PI important during outbreak of a new or virulent disease with no known treatment
37
Graph of antibodies against time
Initial High Conc falls as not being produced
38
Natural Active Immunity
When person infected Primary Response - suffers while B & T activated and cloned - ab destroy path - fewer B cells and conc ab falls Secondary Response- same antigen - rapid and greater amt ab produced - lasts longer Person will not suffer twice
39
Artificial Active Immunity
Vaccination For diseases you wouldn't want to suffer once Inject person antigenic material thats rendered harmless - leaves the surface antigens intact Second injection - **booster** similar to secondary response
40
Herd Immunity
Large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection - so providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not
41
Importance of Vaccination in Society
IMR plummet Greater educational attainment Improve quality family life Reduction medical costs Improved productivity - fewer days off work
42
Monoclonal Antibody
Antibody produced from a single clone of plasma cells Identical and complimentary to a single specific antigen
43
Immunoassay
Test to measure the presence of a molecule through the use of an antibody
44
Biomarker
Naturally occurring molecule, often a protein, which can be detected and acts as an indicator of disease or the effects of its treatment
45
Examples of Antibodies detect Protein Biomarkers
**Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer** high lvls protein PSA in blood Use MA w/enzyme attached to detect presence - ELISA **Detection of Cytokines** Biomarker inflammatory condition - maybe tissue injury or bacterial infection - ELISA test lvl cytokines in blood sample
46
ELISA
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
47
What do successful organ transplants rely on
Tissue Typing Use of Xrays Immunosuppression
48
Tissue Typing
Compatibility of donor and recipient cell surface molecules (markers) first determined Donor tissue is used for which there is optimal match (most markers same) Mostly relatives
49
Use of Xrays
Irradiate bone marrow and lymph tissues - inhibit prod of lymphocytes - slow down rejection Unpleasant side effects - incr risk infection while treatment goin on
50
Immunosuppression
Use of drugs - inhibit DNA replication, cell division and cloning lymphocytes- delay rejection of graft Increased susceptibility to infection
51
Blood Group A antigens and antibodies
A antigens on cell Anti-B antibodies in plasma
52
Blood Group B antigens and antibodies
B antigens Anti-A antibodies
53
Blood Group AB antigens and antibodies
Both A and B antigens Neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
54
Blood Group O antigens and antibodies
Neither A or B antigens Both anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
55
Universal Donor
O
56
Universal Acceptor
AB
57
What are anti-A and anti-B
Agglutinins Encounter rbc with complimentary antigen - stick together and agglutinate
58
Transfusions Table
A. B. AB. O A ✅ ❌ ✅ ❌ B ❌ ✅ ✅ ❌ AB ❌ ❌ ✅ ❌ O ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
59
Rhesus Antigen

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