Immunity Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
Antibodies against meningococcus assist ________ cells in destroying the bacteria
A
phagocytic
2
Q
Tissue damage causes inflammation and activation of ___________, which help lyse the bacteria.
A
complement
3
Q
response that takes longer to produce antibodies
A
primary
4
Q
response that produces antibodies quickly
A
secondary
5
Q
neutrophils accumulate to kill bacteria in response to ________ signals
A
chemotactic
6
Q
when bitten by dog, patient is given _______ to prevent rabies
A
immunoglobulins
7
Q
immunoglobulins provide passive immunity for ______ (how long?)
A
2 months
8
Q
neonate’s ______ level drop after birth
A
IgG
9
Q
neonates lowest level of IgG will be ______ months afer birth
A
5-6
10
Q
the spectrum of microorganisms colonized on the body’s surfaces
A
normal microbiome
11
Q
the natural epithelial barrier and inflammation that confer innate resistance and protection
A
innate (natural/native) immunity
12
Q
process that is initiated by inflammation and results in a long-term and very effective immunity to infecting microorganisms
A
adaptive (acquired/specific) immunity
13
Q
type of immunity that is slow to develop but has memory & rapidly targets/eradicates a 2nd infection
A
adaptive immunity
14
Q
physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body’s surfaces that are in place at birth to prevent damage by sunbstances in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms
A
natural barriers
15
Q
the second line of defense that is activated if the surface barriers are breached which protects from further injury, prevents infection of injured tissue, and promotes healing
A
inflammatory response
16
Q
a rapid activation of of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific
A
inflammatory response
17
Q
highly interconnected junctions that prohibit the passage of microorganisms into the underlying tissue
A
mucosal epithelial cells
18
Q
mechanical cleansing of body surfaces include…
A
vomiting and urination
19
Q
these cells produce mucus that coats the epithelial surface and traps microorganisms that are removed by hairlike cilia that mechanically move the mucus upward to be expelled by coughing or sneezing
A
goblet cells of the UR tract
20
Q
substances synthesized and secreted by epithelial surfaces that trap or destroy microorganisms
A
epithelial-derived chemicals
21
Q
examples of epithelial-derived chemicals
A
mucus sweat sliva tears earwax
22
Q
in the skin, these secrete antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids and lactic acid
A
sebaceous glands
23
Q
enzyme in sweat, tears and saliva that attacks the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria
A
lysozyme
24
Q
________ create an acidic skin surface (pH 3-5) which is inhospitable for most bacteria
A
glandular secretions
25
proteins secreted by epithelial cells that destroy pathogens
antimicrobial peptides
26
generally positively charged polypeptides of approximately 15-95 amino acids that can be divided into 2 classes
antimicrobial peptides
27
these can activate cells of innate and adaptive immunity
cathelicidins and defensins
28
family of glycoproteins produced and secreted by the lungs which include surfactant proteins A-D and mannosebinding lectin
collectins
29
these react with different affinities to carbohydrates and lipids on the surfaces of a wide array of pathogenic microorganisms
collectins
30
the process that facilitates recognition of the microorganism by macrophages, enhancing macrophage attachment, phagocytosis and killing
collectin binding
31
powerful activator of a plasma protein system (complement) that recofnizes a sugar commonly found on the surface of microbes which damages bacteria and increases recognition by macrophages
mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
32
epithelial antimicrobial found in intestinal goblet cells where it protects against helminth infections
resistin-like molecule beta
33
epithelial antimicrobial stored in neutrophils and intestinal epithelium that reacts with lipopolysaccharide on the surface of gram-negative nacteria resulting in bacterial lysis
bactericidal/permeability-inducing (BPI) protein
34
carbohydrates that are found in intestinal epithelium and have activity against gram-positive bacteria
antimicrobial lectins
35
rapid initiation and interactive system of humoral and cellular systems designed to limit the extent of tissue damage, destroy contaminating infectious microorganisms, initiate the adaptive immune response and begin the healing process
inflammatory response
36
cellular injury and pathogenic invasion result in...
mast cell degranulation
activation of plasma systems
release of cellular products
37
inflammatory response occurs in tissues with _______
vascularization (blood supply)
38
inflammatory response is activated ________ after damage occurs
rapidly (within seconds)
39
inflammatory response depends on the activity of ___________
cellular and chemical components
40
inflammatory response is _______
nonspecific
41
arteriole inflammatory response includes...
aterilor constriction
transudate production
mast cell degranulation
42
capillary inflammatory response includes...
```
emigration of neutrophils
spillage of erythrocytes
leukocyte (platelet adhesion)
platelet aggregation
endothelial cell contraction
increased vascular permeability
chemotaxis for neutrophils
```
43
venule inflammatory response includes...
emigration of neutrophils
macrophage infiltration
mediators
fibrin deposition= fibrosis
44
Inflammatory Phases (Acute)
Cellular Injury
Acute Inflammation
Healing or Chronic Inflammation
45
Inflammatory Phases (Chronic)
Cellular Injury
Chronic Inflammation
Healing or Granuloma Formation
46
the 3 plasma protein systems
complement system
clotting system
kinin system
47
enzymes that are inactive froms of proteins
proenzymes
48
system athat produces several factors that can destroy pathogens directly and can activate or collaborate with other components of the innate and adaptive immune response
complement system
49
completement system pathway activated by proteins of the adaptive immune system (antibodies bound to their specific targets (antigens)
classical pathway
50
completement system pathway activated by mannose-containing bacterial carbohydrates
lectin pathway
51
completement system pathway activated by gram-negative nacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides
alternative pathway
52
early systemic response to inflammation which is partially induced by specific cytokines released from neutrophils and macrophages
fever
53
fever-causing cytokines
endogenous pyrogens
54
portion of the brain that controles the body's temperature
hypothalamus
55
pyrogens act directly on the ________
hypothalamus
56
3 cardinal signs of inflammation
fever
leukocytosis
plasma protein synthesis
57
increase in the number white blood cells (>11K)
leukocytosis
58
more immature forms of neutrophils present in relatively greater than normal proportions than mature neutrophils
leukocytosis with left shift
59
process of plasma proteins, mostly products of the liver, increased during inflammation
plasma protein synthesis
60
local manifestation of inflammation
vasodilation
| increased capillary permeability
61
systemic manifestations of inflammation
fever
leukocytosis
plasma protein synthesis
62
cellular products of inflammation response
```
transudate
leukocytes
endothelial cell adhesion molecule
neutrophils
erythrocytes
macrophages
fibrin
```
63
watery exudate in early or mild inflammation with very few plasma proteins or leukocytes
serous
64
thick and clotted exudate in severe or advanced inflammation
fibrinous exudate
65
exudate that consists of pus caused by large amount of accumulated leukocytes in persistent bacterial infections
purulent (supparative) exudate
66
purulent (supparative) exudate is characteristic of ...
walled-off lesions (cysts or abscesses)
67
exudate that includes bleeding and filled with erythrocytes
hemorrhagic exudate
68
first step in initiation of immune response that presents foreign fragments to immune system
macrophages ingest, process, and display antigen fragments on their cell surface
antigen presenting cells (APC)
69
cells that present and process antigens
antigen presenting cells (APC)
70
these are needed to start an immune response
antigen presenting cells (APC)
71
What are displayed on the surface of APCs?
macrophages with antigen fragments
72
What do macrophages with antigen fragments interact with?
T-helper cells that recognize the same antigen
73
macrophage + T-helper cell interaction releases _______ which stimulates _______
macrophage - chemical alarm system called IL-1 stimulates T-helper cells to secrete IL-2
74
IL-2 causes proliferation (rapid increase) in...
cytotoxic T cells + B cells
75
proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and B cells triggers...
cell-mediated and humoral immune response
76
cells that present and process antigens require a variety of cells in the __________ system
lymphoid (lymph nodes + spleen)
77
antigen processing is done by _________ cells
phagocytic (mostly dendritic)
78
the processed antigen is on the surface of the cells and recognized by the lymphocytes
antigen presentation
79
a molecule that can react with antibodies or antigen receptors on B and T cells
antigen
80
most antigens are _________
immunogens (will induce an immune response)
81
most important criteria for antigen to induce an immune response
antigen is foreign to the host
82
_______ antigens are the most immunogenic
large
83
criteria for antigen to induce immune response
1. foreign to the host
2. large
3. adequate chemical complexity
4. sufficient quantity
5. route / vehicle of entry
6. genetic make-up of host
84
glycoproteins found in all human cells except RBC
major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)
85
these carry identification or codes that help distinguish tissue from the tissue of others and from antigens or foreign substances.
major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)
86
these distinguish self from non-self
major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)
87
T lymphocytes cannot recognize foreign bodies unless they are displayed on the surface of...
MHC proteins on the cell
88
this is an important consideration for tissue and organ transplants
matching of the MHC gene expression
89
MHC are divided into _______
human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) that code for MHC
90
the 3 types of MHC are derived genetically from _____
the long arm of chromosome 6
91
types of MHC that codes for proteins that display/present antigens on the surface cells
Class I and II
92
type of MHC that codes for a variety of proteins important in the inflammatory reaction
Class III
93
type of immunity that consists of lymphocytes and surface proteins called antibodies
Adaptive (acquired) Immunity
94
Adaptive (acquired) Immunity is specific to ______ and produces ______
certain antigen
| long-term protection
95
Adaptive (acquired) Immunity has a _____ system
memory
96
Adaptive (acquired) Immunity produces a ______ response if the antigen presents for a second time
secondary
97
Adaptive (acquired) Immunity is ______ meaning it does not pre-exist but will be produced in reponse to infection
inducible
98
cells found in blood, tissues and organs and defend against intracellular pathogens by attacking the antigen directly
effector T cells
99
cell that may produce cytokines or develop into T-cytotoxic cells (Tc cells) or T helper cells
T cells
100
regulatory cells that control both cell-mediated and humoral responses
T helper cells
101
type of immunity that is controlled by T cells and is responsible for some viruses, tumors and cancers
cell-mediated immunity
102
cells that divide into plasma cells (factories for antibodies) and circulate in blood and secretions and defends against extracellular microbes by binding to the antigen
B cells
103
B cells need _____ to activate
T helper cells
104
type of immunity that can result in direct inactivation of the microorganism or activation of inflammatory mediators (phagocytes) that will destroy the pathogen
Humoral Immunity
105
type of immunity that can result in direct inactivation of the microorganism or activation of the inflammatory mediators (phagocytes) that will destroy the pathogen
humoral immunity
106
type of immunity that is primarily responsible for protection against bacteria and viruses
humoral immunity
107
______ reduce the IgG that will recognize a specific antigen that has been presented previously and provides immunity
B cells
108
process of antibodies or immunoglobulins manufactured to a specific antigen
humoral response
109
functions of humoral response
```
precipitation
agglunation
neutralization
compliment activation
opsonization
```
110
class of immunoglobulins that is most abundant, most protective, and smallest that cross the placenta to fetus
IgG
111
class of immunoglobulins that is the largest, first to respond because it increases first
IgM
112
class of immunoglobulins that is found in body secretions (i.e. breastmilk)
IgA
113
class of immunoglobulins that is a mediator in allergic reactions and defends against parasitic infections
IgE
114
class of immunoglobulins that is least abundant and acts as an antigen receptor on the surface of early B cells
IgD
115
adaptive immunity occurs in ___ phases
two
116
phase of adaptive immunity that occurs in the fetus where lymphocytes undergo extensive differentation and proliferation in the thymus and bone marrow developing origin-specific cell surface proteins
generation of clonal diversity
117
T lymphocytes (T cells) are derived from...
thymus
118
B lymphocytes (B cells) are derived from...
bone marrow
119
_____ and ______ develop surface antigen receptors
T cells and B cells
120
lymphocytes coming out of clonal diversity are immunocompetent but naive meaning....
they have the ability to respond to an antigen but have not encountered one yet
121
phase of adaptive immunity that is initiated by exposure to a foreign antigen related to infection
clonal selection
122
in clonal selection, antigen reacts with B and T cells that have...
surface receptors against that specific antigen
123
in clonal selection, when the B and T cell clones encounter an antigen, they form...
mature effector cells
124
B cells become...
plasma cells, antibody and memory cells
125
T cells become...
T cytotoxic cells, T helper cells, T regulatory cells, and memory cells
126
T helper cells help the _____ process
clonal selection
127
T cytotoxic cells kill _____
target cell
128
T regulatory cells suppress _____
the immune response
129
memory cells illicit ______
a secondary response
130
immunity that is created by the transfer of plasma containing antibodies against a specific antigen from an immunized person OR
from someone who has had the disease and became immune to an individual who needs to be protected because this person has not been immunized or previously exposed
passive immunity
131
_____ immunity does not involve the host's immune response at all
passive
132
______ immunity is temporary
passive
133
modes of transmission of passive immunity
injection of performed antibodies
passage from mother to fetus (IgG)
breastmilk to newborn (Ig G and IgA)
134
IgA gives newborn protection against ______
GI infections
135
injections give individual protection for ______
2 months
136
type of immunity that is long-lived and occurs when the body mounts and immune response to and builds up antibodies against the disease or immunization
active immunity
137
active immunity requires ___ cells
memory B cells
138
modes of transmission of active immunity
natural exposure after immunization
139
in the 3rd trimester, the fetus mounts a ________
primary immune response
140
IgG is the lowest in infants at ____ months
5-6
141
decrease in immune function with aging is due to ________ and ________
decreased T cell activity
| decreased circulating memory B cells
142
aging decreases changes the _______ of T cell subtypes
population
143
increased risk for autoimmune disorders occurs with aging due to ______
increase in circulating autoantibodies
144
increased risk for immune complex disorders occurs with aging due to ______
increase in circulating immune complexes
145
normal immune response that is either inappropriately triggered, excessive, or produces undesirable effects on the body
hypersensitivity
146
hypersensitivity usually does not occur with ______
first exposure
147
this type of hypersensitivity respons is antibody mediated, specifically IgE and the products of tissue mast cells and mediated release of histamine from mast cell
Type I: Immediate
148
this type of hypersensitivity response is antibody mediated, specifically IgG and IgM
Type II: Tissue-Specific/ Cytotoxic/Cytolytic
149
this type of hypersensitivity response is antibody mediated, specifically IgG and IgM but is NOT TISSUE SPECIFIC
forms large, sticky molecules
Type III: Immune Complex Reaction
150
Type III Immune Complex Reaction hypersensitivity response results in...
failure to remove antigen-antibody immune complexes causing INFLAMMATION
151
The most complex type of hypersensitivity response is
Type III: Immune Complex Reaction
152
this type of hypersensitivity response is cell mediated, specifically T cells, and causes a localized inflammatory reaction
Type IV: Delayed-cell mediated
153
the type of hypersensitivity response that has no antibody involvement, only T cells
Type IV: Delayed-cell mediated
154
this type of hypersensitivity is caused by antibodies attacking antigens on the surface of specific cells or tissues which causes them to malfunction or be destroyed
Type II: Tissue-Specific/ Cytotoxic/Cytolytic
155
this type of hypersensitivity is caused by recent hx of infection or persistent low grade infection; exposure to molds, plants or animal allergens that are inhaled; OR as autoimmune process
Type III: Immune Complex Reaction
156
this type of hypersensitivity is caused by tissue damage resulting from a delayed cellular reaction to antigen
Type IV: Delayed-cell mediated
157
this type of hypersensitivity occurs immediately 15-30 min after exposure; could be anaphylaxis
Type I: Immediate
158
this type of hypersensitivity occurs often immediately (15-30 min) but can occur over time
Type II: Tissue-Specific/ Cytotoxic/Cytolytic
159
this type of hypersensitivity occurs over several hours or longer and is usually ongoing; "self sustaining inflammation"
Type III: Immune Complex Reaction
160
this type of hypersensitivity occurs when the exposure precedes the rash by 48 hours or more
Type IV: Delayed-cell mediated
161
Examples of Type ______ Hypersensitivity
Atopic conditions: asthma, hay fever, dermatitis
Drug, food, insect venom allergies
Reactions to inhaled or environmental allergens
Type I: Immediate
162
Examples of Type ______ Hypersensitivity
- Transfusion reaction.
- celiac’s disease
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn
- Grave’s Disease
- Transplant rejection
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Type II: Tissue-Specific/ Cytotoxic/Cytolytic
163
Examples of Type ______ Hypersensitivity
- SLE (Lupus)
- immune complex glomerulonephritis (kidney)
Type III: Immune Complex Reaction
164
Examples of Type ______ Hypersensitivity
- graft rejection (transplant rejection)
- photoallergic sensitivity
- TB skin test
* **-poison ivy rash***
- metal skin reaction (nickel)
Type IV: Delayed-cell mediated
165
_________ can cause vasodilation, capillary leak which leads to hives, anaphylaxis, and shock due to BP decrease
Histamines
166
key difference between Type I and Type II Hypersensitivity reaction is...
location of antigen mechanism on injury
167
type of hypersensitivity that is located on tissue-specific antigen on the cell surface
Type II: Tissue-Specific/ Cytotoxic/Cytolytic
168
type of hypersensitivity that is located on an antigen from an antigen antibody complex that precipitates out of the blood or fluid and are deposited into tissues
Type III: Immune Complex Reaction
169
type of hypersensitivity that results in direct cell death or malfunction
Type II: Tissue-Specific/ Cytotoxic/Cytolytic
170
excessive immune response; when the immune system recognizes self-tissue as foreign, tolerance of self-antigen breaks down
Autoimmunity
171
the most widely accepted theory of autoimmunity that states response is caused by foreign antigens sharing similar sequences with self-antigens
Antigenic Mimicry Theory
172
Release of sequestered antigens theory
T-cell theory
B-cell theory
Mast cell theory
Theories of Autoimmunity
173
______ are at greater risk to have more autoantibody production compared
Women
174
______ plus _______ increases risk of Type I DM
genetics plus autoantibodies
175
enviromental triggers for autoimmunity include...
viruses (Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus)
bacteria (h pylori)
stress
176
stress can trigger autoimmunity because increased stress levels increases production of _______
proinflammatory cytokines
177
individuals of the same species have incompatible antigens, preventing them from receiving an organ from each other
Alloimmunity/Isoiummunity
178
transfusion reactions, graft rejections, and transplant rejections are caused by the two individuals having ______
unmatched HLAs
179
most common cause of infections
viruses
180
stage of clinical infectious disease process that lasts from initial exposure to onset of first symptom (hours- years)
Incubation Period
181
stage of clinical infectious disease process that involves the occurence of S/S (mild, discomfort, tiredness)
Prodromal Period
182
stage of clinical infectious disease process in which the pathogen is multiplying rapidly, immune/inflammatory responses have been activated, S/S may be pathogen-specific or just an inflammatory response (fever)
Invasion Period
183
stage of clinical infectious disease process where, in most cases, S/S decline and infectious agent is removed (could be fatal or enter latency phase)
Convalescence Period
184
first line of defense against infection consisting of physical and biochemical agents)
innate resistance
185
second line of defense against infection that is non-specific
inflammation
186
3 purposes of inflammation
1. Neutralize and destroy invading and harmful agents
2. Limit spread to other tissues
3. Prepare for repair
187
functional decrease in one or more components of the immune system
immune deficiency
188
type of immune deficiency that is congenital, rare, often X-linked, and suspected with severe and recurrent infections
primary immune deficiency
189
type of immune deficiency that is caused by system disorders, something that secondarily affects the immune system (ex: HIV)
secondary immune deficiency
190
the chracteristic vascular changes at the site of an injury produce...
increased permeability and leakage
191
two lines of defense that compose innate immunity
physical/mechanical/biochemical barriers
| inflammation
192
clinical manifestations of inflammation
pain, fever, edema, redness, pus p. 194
193
pathogenesis of pain
exudate accumulation, chemical mediators, nerve endings
194
pathogenesis of edema
increased vascular permeability, vasodilation
195
fluid that leaks out when capillary permeability increases
WBC, neutrophils, macrophages
196
pathogenesis of erythema
increased blood flow, vasodilation
197
pathogenesis of exudate
neutrophils, collection of dead cells
198
B lymphocytes create ________ in response to encountering an antigen
antibodies
199
antibodies turn into _______
plasma cells
200
B lymphocytes are responsible for ______ immunity
humoral
201
T lymphocytes are responsbile for _______ immunity
cell-mediated
202
most protective, most abundant, smallest immunoglobulin
IgG
203
immunoglobulin passed through placenta
IgG
204
IgG passing through breastmilk is ______ immunity
passive
205
IgA is found in _______
secretions (mucosa, breastmilk)
206
the largest and the first responder immunoglobulin
IgM
207
the least abundant immunoglobulin that acts as an antigen receptor on the surface of early B cells
IgD
208
immunoglobulin that is mediator of allergic responses and acts to defend against parasitic infections
IgE
209
IgG and _____ increase early in presentation of infection
IgM
210
T lymphocytes (cell mediated immunity) turn into
thousands of T helper cells, memory cells and T cytotoxic cells
211
Cell-mediated immunity (T lymphocytes) protects us from _______
tumors, viruses, hard to kill pathogens
212
In a secondary immune response, _____ is significantly increased.
IgG
213
passive immunity can be passed from ____ to _____
donor to recipient
214
What causes bronchospasm during a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction?
histamine release from mast cells that binds with H1 receptors
215
Histamine causes ______
vasodilation which drops BP
216
Examples of Autoimmune Disorders
```
Graves Disease
Lupus
Hashimotos
Type I DM
RA
Pernicious Anemia
```
217
Examples of Alloimmunity
hemolytic disease of the NB
transfusion reaction
graft rejection
218
Primary Effector Cells of Hypersensitivity Type I: Immediate
mast cells bind to IgE and release histamine which increases chemotaxis of eosinophils
219
Primary Effector Cells of Hypersensitivity Type II: Tissue-Specific/Cytotoxic
IgG and IgM
| reaction mediated by eosinophils, macrophages, and complement
220
Primary Effector Cells of Hypersensitivity Type III: Immune Complex Response
IgG and IgM and neutrophils
| mediated by complement
221
Primary Effector Cells of Hypersensitivity Type IV: Delayed Cell Mediated
only by T cells
222
increased ESR (sed rate) would be increased in someone with infection due to
increased plasma protein synthesis (systemic manifestation of inflammation)
223
phagocytes
WBC, leukocytes, macrophages
224
lymphocytes
T cells, B cells
