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FPP Block 1 > Immunity an overview > Flashcards

Immunity an overview Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunity, adaptive immunity and innate immunity

A
  • immunity-the state of being immune to or protected from a organism or foreign agent
  • adaptive immunity- dynamic protection results from specific immune components changing or adapting to unique features of the pathogen or foreign agent
  • Innate immunity-inherent protection against organisms that are permanent from birth
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2
Q

WHat is passive immunity

A
  • receiving preformed antibody
  • rapid protection
  • short duration T1/2 for Ab is 3 weeks
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3
Q

What is active immunity

A

exposure to a foreign antigen

slow protection

long duration-memory lymphocytes

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4
Q

Immunogen

A

a molecule that induces an immune response

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5
Q

antigen

A

a molecule that binds to (is recognized by) adaptive immunemediators

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6
Q

toleragen

A

a molecule that induces immune unresponsiveness to subsequent doses of the molecule

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7
Q

how does size of a substance influence its immunogenicity

A

large=increased immunogenecity

small=decreased immunogenecity

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8
Q

How does dose influence immunogenecity

A

Intermediate dose=large immunogenecity

high or low dose=decreased immunogenecity

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9
Q

How does route of administration influence immunogenecity

A

SubQ> Intraperitoneal > Intravenous > Intragastric

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10
Q

How does composition influence immunogenecity

A

complex= increased immunogenecity

simple=decreased

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11
Q

How do adjuvants influence immunogenecity

A

bacteria=increased

no/few bacteria=decreased

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12
Q

How does interaction with MHC complex influence immunogenecity

A

effective=increased

ineffective=decreased

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13
Q

Is the invadin antigen or microbe self or foreign?

A

self-:tolerogenic immune response against self antigens

foreign/non-self: mount an innate or adaptive immune response to the antigen or microbe

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14
Q

What controls specificity both for innate and adaptive immunity

A
  • Innate: Pattern-recognition receptors-limited diversity
    • TLR, Nod-like receptors
    • complement proteins
  • Adaptive: Antigen recptors
    • T cell receptor (TCR)
    • B cell receptor (BCR)
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15
Q

Describe the memeory for innate and adaptive immunity

A

innate: none
adaptive: memory B and T cells

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16
Q

WHat does it mean if an invading antigen or microbe is intracellular? How about extracellular?

A

Intracellular: located within the cells cytoplasm or within a cell vacuole

Extracellular: outside cells, either soluble or associated with the external surface of cells

17
Q

Primary vs Secondary Immune Responses

A
  • primary immune response: response to the initial exposure to the substance, slow onset
  • Secodnary immune response: more rapid and stronger response to subsequent exposure to substance. fast onset after second exposure
18
Q

What is a live-attenuated vaccine and what does it mostly induce?

What are pros and cons?

A
  • micro-organism is modified to decrease pathogenecity, limited growth after injection
  • mainly induces: cellular response (T cells)
  • PROS: strong life-long immunity
  • CONS: may revert to virulent form
19
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine and what does it mostly induce?

What are pros and cons?

A
  • pathogen is inactivated (heat or chemically) but retains an immunolgic epitope on surface
  • mainly induces: Humoral Response (B cells)
  • PROS: stable and safer than Live
  • CONS: Weaker immunity, requires boster
20
Q

WHat 3 things help the body make immunologic decisions?

A

cells, soluble mediators, surface receptors

21
Q

What are generative immune organs?

What are peripheral immune .organs?

A
  • Generative immune organs:
    • bone marrow
    • thymus
  • Peripheral immune organs:
    • lymph nodes
    • spleen
22
Q

What is innate immunity

A
  1. Always present
  2. Respons immediately
  3. comprised of
    1. epithelial barriers
    2. phagocytic leukocytes (macrophage, neutrophil)
    3. Natural killer cells
    4. Plasma proteins such as complement
23
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A
  • normally silent-activated to adapt and neutralixe pathogens (antigen specific)
  • respond slowly to first exposure
  • memory: faster response to subsequent exposure
  • comprised of: T cells (cell-mediated immunity) and B cells (humoral immunity)
24
Q

Describe the function, characteristics and mechanism or innate immunity

A
  • Function: provide primary defense against invading pathogens
  • characteristics: immediate response always ON and doesn’t require previous exposure for activation
  • Mechanism:
    • natural barriers (epithelium-skin, mucous membranes)
    • phagocytic cells-macrophages, neutrophils
    • Dendritic cells
    • Natural killer cells
    • Alternative lectin complement pathway
25
Q

How is the innate immune system activated?

A
  • Patter Recognition Receptors (PAMP) on bacteria, virus, fungal or parasite pahtogens. e.g.: TLRs
  • this actiavtes a defined series of proinflammatory or antiviral signaling
  • there is NO MEMORY so the response will be immediate and the same to the subsequent infection.
26
Q

Describe the function, characteristics, and mechanism of adaptive immunity

A
  • Function: provide antigen specific defence
  • Characteristics
    • must be activated by invading antigen
    • cascade of events
    • prepare for future defense=immune memory
  • mechanism: T cell and B cell
27
Q

How is the adaptive immune system activated?

A
  • antigen-a molecule that binds to an Antibody or T cell receptor
  • epitopeL the specific portion of the macromolecular antigen recognized by receptors expressed on lymphocytes
    • Antibody (B Cell receptor): recognize eptiopes on macromolecular proteins and lipids
    • T Cell Receptor: recognize epitopes on peptide fragments complexed with either an MHC class I or MHC class II presentation molecule
28
Q

Describe the T Cell Response

A
  • T=thymus
  • function: antigen specific immune response to Intracellular pathogens
  • Types activated by different antigen presentation styles
    • cytotoxic=CD8: MHC class I restrcited and the goal is to KILL!
    • Helper=CD4: MHC class II restrcited and the goal is to recruit/activate
      • cytokine secretion
      • CD40:CD40L
29
Q

Describe the B cell response

A
  • B=Bone Marrow
  • funciton is antigen specific immune response to extracellular pathogens/antigens and immune surveilance
  • types=plasma cells
    • secrete soluble antibodies and have isotypes (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE)
30
Q

List the cells of the innate immune system

A
  • phagycytes
    • neutophils
    • macrophages
  • Granulocytes
    • eosinophils
    • basophils
    • mast cells
31
Q

WHat cell link the innate and adaptive immune systems?

A

dendritic and natural killer cells (NK)

32
Q

What are the cells of the adaptive immune system

A

lymphocytes

33
Q

CD4 T cells

  • function
  • key markers
A

function: B cell differentiation, macrophage activation

key markers: CD3, CD4

34
Q

CD8 T cells

functions

key markers

A

function: Kill microbe infected cells, tumor cells

Key markers: CD3, CD8

35
Q

Regulatory T cells

function

key markers

A
  • function: supress T cell function
  • key markers: CD3, CD4, CD25
36
Q

B Cells

function

key markers

A

function: Produce Ab

key markers: FcR, CD19, CD21

37
Q

NK Cells

function

key markers

A

function: Kill virus-infected cells, damaged cells, tumors

key markers: CD16, FcRy

38
Q

What are the primary (generative) lymphoid tissues and describe them? Do th same for secondary, what are they?

A
  1. Primary:
  • bone marrow: hematopoietic progenitors, lymphocyte development
    • naive lymphocytes (small)
    • mature lymphocyte( larger0
  • thymus: development and maturation of T lymphocytes
  1. Secondary
  • ​lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • Mucosal or skin associated lymphatic tissue (MALT/SALT)
    • peyers patches, tonsils
39
Q
A

FPP Block 1 (18 decks)

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