immunity and the immune system

Question 1

What is immunity?

Answer 1

all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body

Question 2

What are the functions of the immune system?

Answer 2

immunological recognition
immune effector functions
immune regulation
immunological memory

Question 3

How is the immune defence mediated?

Answer 3

coordinated responses - innate and adaptive immunity

Question 4

What cells give rise to all red and white blood cells?

Answer 4

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

Question 5

What are the two divisions of cells?

Answer 5

myeloid and lymphoid

Question 6

What affects the maturation and differentiation of cells?

Answer 6

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

Question 7

What cells come from the myeloid lineage?

Answer 7

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
macrophage
dendritic cell
mast cell

Question 8

What cells come from the lymhpoid lineage?

Answer 8

B and T cells and innate lymphoid cells

Question 9

What do B and T cells express?

Answer 9

antigen-specific receptor (diversity)

Question 10

What does each B cell express?

Answer 10

B cell receptor (BCR)

Question 11

What can activated B cells act as?

Answer 11

professional antigen presenting cells (APC)

Question 12

What are effector B cells called?

Answer 12

plasma cells

Question 13

What do T cells express?

Answer 13

T cell receptor (TCR)

Question 14

What is the role of TCR?

Answer 14

recognition of processed pieces of antigens bound to cell membrane proteins
or known as Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

Question 15

What are the phases of adaptive immunity responses?

Answer 15

antigen recognition
lymphocyte activation
antigen elimination
contraction (homeostasis)
memory

Question 16

B cells arise in which organ?

Answer 16

bone marrow

Question 17

T cells arise in which organ?

Answer 17

thymus

Question 18

What are the secondary lymphoid organs and tissues?

Answer 18

lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissues

Question 19

What is the main function of bone marrow?

Answer 19

production of blood cells, maintenance of HSCs and modulation of skeletal remodelling

Question 20

How are HSCs characterised?

Answer 20

self-renewal and pluripotency

Question 21

How are thymocytes selected?

Answer 21

mature based on their TCR reactivity to self-MHC/peptide complexes

Question 22

Where do antigens and antigen presenting cells enter?

Answer 22

afferent vessel

Question 23

Where do Naive T cells enter?

Answer 23

high endothelial venules

Question 24

Where do Naive T cells and APCs interact?

Answer 24

paracortex (T cell zone)

Question 25

What do B cells interact with?

Answer 25

follicular dendritic cells

Question 26

What happens when lymphocytes are activated by microbial pathogen?

Answer 26

T and B cells migrate to edge of follicles and, T helper cells interact with B cells to differentiate into antibody-producing cells

Question 27

How do activated T and B cells leave the lymph node?

Answer 27

efferent lymphatic vessels

Question 28

What is the role of the spleen?

Answer 28

trapping and responding to blood-borne antigens

Question 29

How are antigens and lymphocytes carried into the spleen?

Answer 29

splenic artery

Question 30

What are red pulps?

Answer 30

sinuses containing macrophages

Question 31

What is the role of the macrophages in the red pulp?

Answer 31

phagocytose age/abnormal erythrocytes; recycling iron; and removal of microorganisms from bloodstream

Question 32

What is the white pulp?

Answer 32

lymphoid tissues arranged around central arterioles

Question 33

What are the different types of lymphoid tissues?

Answer 33

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues gut-associated lymphoid tissues bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues nasal-associated lymphoid tissues skin-associated lymphoid tissues