Immunity/Inflammation

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

Protective response of body tissues to irritation or injury
Normal process that aid sin healing
SPECIFIC*

Question 2

Infection

Answer 2

Invasion of tissues or cells by outside microorganisms

SPECIFIC*

Question 3

First Line of Defense

Answer 3

Intact skin and mucous membranes

Question 4

Second Line of Defense

Answer 4

Inflammatory response

Nonspecific

Question 5

Third Line of Defense

Answer 5

Immune response

Specific

Question 6

Purpose of Inflammation

Answer 6

Neutralize/destroy harmful agents
Limit speed of infection
Prepares tissue for healing

Question 7

Signs of Inflammation

Answer 7

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

Question 8

Systemic Response to Inflammation

Answer 8

Increase WBC- shift to left (bands)
Fatigue, nausea, anorexia
Increased pulse and RR
Fever- release of cytokines, epinephrine
Increased ESR

Question 9

Inflammatory Response Subcategories

Answer 9

Vascular response, cellular response, formation of exudate, healing

Question 10

Vascular Response

Answer 10

1. Vasoconstriction
2. Vasodilation (histamines)
3. Fluid to tissues (edema)
4. Fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 11

Phagocytosis

Answer 11

Nonspecific response where neutrophils and monocytes attack and kill bacteria
Begins once neutrophils and monocytes enter tissue

Question 12

Leukocytes Types

Answer 12

Granulocytes- neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Agranulocytes- monocyptes, lymphocytes

Question 13

Neutrophils

Answer 13

1st to arrive, phagocytes
Segs- mature (chronic)
Bands-immature (acute)

Question 14

Monocytes

Answer 14

2nd to arrive, phagocytes, transform to macrophages

Monokines- send messages to cells

Question 15

Basophils

Answer 15

Carry histamine (dilate) and heparin (thin blood)
Release granules when stimulated by antigens

Question 16

Eosinophils

Answer 16

Released during allergic reactions
Phagocytosis of allergens
Release chemicals that control histamine and serotonin

Question 17

Lymphocytes

Answer 17

Cell-mediated immunity (T cells- cytotoxic, helper, suppressor, memory)
Humoral immunity (B cells- memory, plasma)
Natural killer cells

Question 18

Complement System

Answer 18

Activation increases phagocytosis though opsonization (coating bacteria) and chemotaxis (cell movement)
C1 and C9 active for lysis to occur
C8 and C9 pierce cell surface, causing lysis

Question 19

Functions of Complement System

Answer 19

Enhance phagocytosis
Increase permeability
Chemotaxis
Cellular lysis

Question 20

Exudation

Answer 20

Fluid, phagocytic debris

Moist environment for healing

Question 21

Healing

Answer 21

Regeneration- replace w/ same cells

Repair- replaced with connective tissue

Question 22

Antigens

Answer 22

On invader cells, elicit immune response

Composed of protein

Question 23

Antibodies

Answer 23

We make

B cells produce immunoglobulins in response to antigens

Question 24

Immunity functions

Answer 24

Defense, homeostasis, surveillance

Question 25

Immunity Types

Answer 25

Active natural, active artificial, passive natural, passive artificial

Question 26

Active Natural Immunity

Answer 26

Body makes own antibodies

Question 27

Active Artificial Immunity

Answer 27

Vaccinations

Question 28

Passive Natural Immunity

Answer 28

Placenta from mother to child | Through breast milk

Question 29

Passive Artificial Immunity

Answer 29

Injection of gamma globulins (i.e. immunosuppressed)

Question 30

Adenoids

Answer 30

Attack antigens entertain nose

Question 31

Tonsils

Answer 31

Attack antigens entering mouth

Question 32

Thymus Gland

Answer 32

T cells mature here and are stored

Question 33

Lymph Nodes

Answer 33

Filter particles from lymph fluid

Question 34

Spleen

Answer 34

Filtration of blood Red pulp- RBC and PLT stored White pulp- B/T cells

Question 35

Peyer's Patches

Answer 35

Attack intestinal agents

Question 36

Bone Marrow

Answer 36

Blood ells produced her and travel to thymus

Question 37

Humoral Immunity

Answer 37

Mediated by antibodies, B cells Plasma cells produce immunoglobulins When inactive, are memory cells

Question 38

Memory Cells

Answer 38

Remember exposures | Held in reservoir for contacts of same antigens (IgG)

Question 39

Plasma Cells

Answer 39

Secrete antibodies and immunoglobulins (IgM first to peak)

Question 40

IgG

Answer 40

Most abundant Fund in plasma and interstitial fluid Crosses placenta Fight against bacteria, fungi, toxins

Question 41

IgA

Answer 41

Found in body secretions | Lines mucous membranes

Question 42

IgM

Answer 42

Largest group, peaks first Most effective in bacterial infections ABO blood antigens

Question 43

IgD

Answer 43

In plasma, on lymphocyte surface Regulates humoral immunity (B cells) Intracellular signaling

Question 44

IgE

Answer 44

In plasma and interstitial fluid Response to allergies/hypersensitivities Causes allergic reaction symptoms

Question 45

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Answer 45

Does not involve antibodies Activation of phagocytes, cytotoxic cells, and cytokines Viral, fungi, tumor cells

Question 46

T Cell Types

Answer 46

Cytotoxic, helper, memory, suppressor

Question 47

Cytotoxic Cells

Answer 47

Attack antigens and destroy | Kiss of death

Question 48

Helper Cells

Answer 48

Regulate and direct immunity

Question 49

Suppressor Cells

Answer 49

Stops the reaction

Question 50

Memory

Answer 50

Remembers pathogen once exposed

Question 51

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 51

Subset of lymphocytes | Kill viral and tumor cells

Question 52

Cytokines

Answer 52

Messengers

Question 53

Effect of Aging On Immune System

Answer 53

Increased tumor risk, decrease T/B cells, decrease thymus activity, decreased cytokines

Question 54

Chain of Infection

Answer 54

``` Infectious agent Reservior Portal of exit Mode of transmission Portal of entry Host ```