immunity (quiz 9)

Question 1

1st step of immune response

Answer 1

neutrophils and macrophages recognize PAMPs on foreign bodies via PRR

invaders are destroyed by phagocytosis or inflammation

upon failure, adaptive immune system is “recruited”

Question 2

2nd step of immune response

Answer 2

DCs take up antigen and bring to lymph nodes for presentation to adaptive immune system

Question 3

3rd step of immune response

Answer 3

DCs present antigen to T-cells

Question 4

4th step of immune response

Answer 4

T/B-cells leave lymph nodes and travel to infection sites

CD8 T-cells go kill

CD4 T-cells prime more T/B-cells for immune response

Question 5

PAMP

Question 6

PRR

Question 7

DC

Question 8

MHC Class 1

Answer 8

CD8; cytotoxic T-cells

Question 9

MHC Class II

Answer 9

CD4; helper T-cells

Question 10

Post-infection

Answer 10

Regulatory T-cells and suppressive cytokines stop inflammation and immune response

Memory T/B-cells are created (adaptive immunity)

Question 11

“hot” tumor

Answer 11

immune cells recognize tumor as enemy; eliminates

Question 12

“cold” tumor

Answer 12

immune cells do not recognize tumor; allows for tumor growth

Question 13

cold immunotherapy

Answer 13

adoptive t-cell transfer, boosting immune response, vaccines

Question 14

step 1 of immunoediting

Answer 14

tumor becomes invisible;
MHC class I goes down,
co stimulatory molecules decrease

Question 15

step 2 of immunoediting

Answer 15

cancer cells resist apoptosis;
anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2) raise
P53 lowers
Fas lowers

Question 16

step 3 of immunoediting

Answer 16

begin to kill immune cells;
fasL goes up
TRAIL goes up

Question 17

step 4 of immunoediting

Answer 17

suppresses immune sys;
secretes variety of different factors
exploits immune checkpoints

Question 18

step 5 of immunoediting

Answer 18

sabotages immune cells to work for the tumor;
secretes regulatory T-cells
MDSC
M2/N2
IDO

Question 19

Possible mechanisms to cure cancer

Answer 19

Vaccines
Adoptive t-cell transfer
Blocking immuno suppression
(VAB)

Question 20

blocking immunosuppression

Answer 20

anti-CTLA-4
anti-PD-1

Question 21

function of CTLA-4

Answer 21

allows t-cell binding to dendritic/B-cells

Question 22

function of PD-1

Answer 22

allows tumor to bind with effector T-cells (CD8)

Question 23

process of blocking immunosuppression

Answer 23

1. APC containing TAA > lymph node
2. T-cells are primed with TAA
3. T-cells migrate to cancerous tissue, destroy it

*approved w melanoma

Question 24

T-cell transfer (autologous)

Answer 24

1. part of tumor is removed
2. TIL are isolated and grown
3. TILs are infused with IL-2

Question 25

T-cell transfer (genetically engineered)

Answer 25

1. lymphocytes in blood are isolated 2. retrovirus inserts TCR gene 3. cells are genetically engineered to grow a shit ton 4. cells are infused w IL-2

Question 26

infammasome

Answer 26

heating up cold tumors

Question 27

platelet plug formation

Answer 27

caused by vasoconstriction and aggregation of platelets

Question 28

platelet plug formation

Answer 28

platelets bind to collagen (vWF), change shape

Question 29

hemostasis

Answer 29

stopping bleeding

Question 30

how do platelets change surface area

Answer 30

binding with von Willebrand Factor (vWF)

Question 31

Alpha granules

Answer 31

secrete growth factor long-term wound healing

Question 32

dense granules

Answer 32

release ADP n Make thromboxane (TXA2)

Question 33

ADP

Answer 33

binds to P2y12, further activates platelets

Question 34

TXA2

Answer 34

binds to TP, further activates platelets

Question 35

fibrinogen (liver)

Answer 35

causes platelets to adhere to each other

Question 36

proteins in platelets that make them contract

Answer 36

actin and myosin

Question 37

generation of thromboxane

Answer 37

COX (cyclooxygenase) thromboxane synthase

Question 38

how long do platelets circulate?

Answer 38

7-10 days

Question 39

what removes platelets from blood stream?

Answer 39

spleen

Question 40

what produces platelets?

Answer 40

bone marrow

Question 41

whats the first thing that happens when a platelet is activated?

Answer 41

becomes dendritic

Question 42

what happens when a platelet becomes dendritic

Answer 42

releases cytokines, chemokines, and pro-coagulation factors

Question 43

hemostasis steps

Answer 43

1. severed vessel 2. platelets agglutinate 3. Fibrin appears 4. fibrin clot forms 5. clot retraction occurs

Question 44

what cleaves fibrin into monomers

Answer 44

thrombin

Question 45

what do fibrin chains do?

Answer 45

stabilizes platelet plug

Question 46

fibrinolysis

Answer 46

plasma proteins get trapped in clot; prevents them from destroying it

Question 47

what happens after the clot has stopped the bleeding

Answer 47

t-PA converts plasminogen to plasmin; removes unnecessary blood clot allows for small vessels that were previously blocked to be reopened

Question 48

thrombus

Answer 48

blood clot

Question 49

thromboembolism

Answer 49

thrombus detatching from either the vessel or a biomaterial

Question 50

biofouling

Answer 50

harm the patient or cause dysfunction of implanted device

Question 51

types of biofouling

Answer 51

thrombosis biofilm formation (extracellular polymer on material)