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Host Defense Exam 2 > Immunity to Infection > Flashcards

Immunity to Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires which type of immune response to promote clearance due to its intracellular niche?

A

Th1 cell activation

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2
Q

What properties of the skin make it inhospitable to microorganisms?

A

Low moisture, high acidity of sweat

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3
Q

Name two pathogens with high acid tolerance that can take residence on the skin

A

Staph epidermis and staph aureus

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4
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

Potent antimicrobial released in saliva and tears

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5
Q

How does lysozyme work?

A

Lysozyme degrades the peptidoglycan layer that is unique to bacterial surfaces and is required for their survival.

Lysozyme is effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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6
Q

What cells secrete antimicrobial peptides?

A

AMPs are secreted by epithelial cells and phagocytes

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7
Q

Defensins and cathelicidens are AMPs that act on what types of pathogens

A

The AMPs defensins and cathelicidins can act broadly on bacteria, fungi and viruses

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8
Q

The AMP histatin acts on what type of pathogens?

A

Fungi

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9
Q

What type of pathogen is cryptococcus neoformans?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus

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10
Q

TLR2 is binds to what PAMPS?

A

TLR2 binds to lipoteichoic acid and lipoproteins of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

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11
Q

TLR4 is effective at binding what?

A

lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a signature of gram negative bacteria

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12
Q

TRL3 is effective at binding what PAMP?

A

TLR3 binds to dsRNA - good against viral infections

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13
Q

TLR5 is effective at binding what PAMP?

A

TLR5 recognizes the flagellin- good against bacteria

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14
Q

What does TLR9 bind?

A

TLR9 recognizes both bacterial and viral DNA

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15
Q

What is TLR7/8 responsible for recognizing?

A

TLR7/8 binds to ssRNA - good against viral infections

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16
Q

What are NOD-like receptors necessary for recognizing?

A

NOD-like receptors are important for the recognition of intracellular bacteria

17
Q

Listeria and mycobacterium are what type of pathogens?

A

Intracellular bacteria

18
Q

What does NOD1 recognize?

A

Peptidoglycan breakdown products of gram negative bacteria that reach the cytosol

19
Q

Give an example of a pathogen recognized by NOD1 receptors

A

Salmonella

20
Q

What pathogens are recognized by NOD2 receptors?

A

Gram positive and gram negative bacteria, and mycobacterium tuberculosis

21
Q

Is what tissue is NOD2 enriched?

A

THe gut

22
Q

Some Crohn’s disease patients have mutations in which receptors?

A

NOD2

23
Q

What is the glucan receptor important for?

A

Glucan receptor recognizes beta-glucans that comprise fungal cell walls

24
Q

What do scavenger receptors recognize?

A

bacterial cell wall components

25
Q

All PAMP receptor pathways converge onto what killing mechanism?

A

Respiratory burst and killing of the pathogen

26
Q

MAC complex formation is more effective in killing what type of bacteria?

A

Gram negative bacteria

Gram positive bacteria and fungi are resistant to MAC formation

27
Q

How effective is opsonization against various pathogens?

A

Opsonization with C3 and recognition by the C3R can effectively opsonize gram positive AND gram negative bacteria, along with most other foreign pathogens

28
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease, a defective NADPH oxidase complex leads to what problems?

A

NADPH is involved in respiratory burst (the final pathway of PAMPS). Defect leads to significant susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections

29
Q

Viral single-stranded (TLR7) and double stranded RNA (TLR3) is recognized by TLRs leading to the induction of what?

A

Type 1 interferons

Type 1 interferons are induced by virally infected cells

30
Q

How do type 1 interferons provide protection against viruses?

A

Type 1 interferons induce Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs) that prevent viral synthesis and contain viral spread

they also increase MHC Class I, the TMMI response, and NK cell activation

31
Q

How do type 1 and type 2 interferons differ?

A

Type 1 interferon: alpha and beta
Type 2 interferon: gamma

Type 1 are specific to antiviral immunity
Type 2 are induced in response to both bacterial and viral pathogens

32
Q

What leukocyte spikes following the production of interferon alpha/beta?

A

NK cells!

NK cells are a major player in the destruction of virally infected cells

33
Q

How does staphylococcus aureus evade antibody binding?

A

Staphylococcus aureus produces toxins that can perturb antibody binding (Protein A)

34
Q

Name three bacteria that are resistant to opsonization due to the production of capsular polysaccharides that interfere with C3 recognition

A

Streptococcus pneumonia, Group A streptococcus, and staphylococcus aureus

35
Q

Which antibody class is particularly necessary in the fight against parasites?

A

IgE- they bind to eosinophils via their Fc regions and induce eosinophil-dependent killing

Host Defense Exam 2 (11 decks)

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