Immunization And Antimicrobial Therapy

Question 1

What is the primary goal of infection prevention and control (IPC)?

Answer 1

Preventing health workers and patients from being harmed by avoidable infections

Question 2

What are some components included in IPC?

Answer 2

• Hand hygiene
• Surgical site infections
• Injection safety
• Antimicrobial resistance

Question 3

True or False: Without effective IPC, quality healthcare delivery is achievable.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

What does the term ‘immunization’ refer to in the context of vaccination?

Answer 4

The process of inducing an immune response that confers protection against infection and/or disease

Question 5

What is the historical significance of Edward Jenner in vaccine development?

Answer 5

He created the world’s first successful vaccine using cowpox to prevent smallpox

Question 6

What type of vaccine was used by Louis Pasteur to prevent rabies?

Answer 6

Post-exposure vaccination

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The first influenza vaccine was approved for use in _______.

Answer 7

1945

Question 8

What are the two main types of whole organism vaccines?

Answer 8

• Killed (inactivated)
• Live attenuated

Question 9

What is an example of a killed vaccine?

Answer 9

Hepatitis A

Question 10

What are toxoids?

Answer 10

Inactivated exotoxins that produce immunity against toxins but not necessarily against the organisms producing them

Question 11

What is the purpose of capsular polysaccharides in vaccines?

Answer 11

To enhance phagocytosis of pathogens by coating capsules with antibodies

Question 12

What are nucleic acid vaccines?

Answer 12

Vaccines that use genetic material from a virus or bacterium to stimulate an immune response

Question 13

True or False: Live attenuated vaccines are suitable for immunocompromised individuals.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What is the recommended action for healthcare workers exposed to HIV?

Answer 14

Consider post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) based on risk assessment

Question 15

What are the key steps to take following a needle-stick injury?

Answer 15

• Do not squeeze or rub the injury site
• Wash exposed area with soap and water
• Report the exposure

Question 16

What is the first-line PEP drug combination for HIV?

Answer 16

TDF/3TC/DTG

Question 17

What should be administered to unvaccinated healthcare personnel after a hepatitis B exposure?

Answer 17

Hepatitis B immunoglobulin and hepatitis B vaccine

Question 18

What is the timeframe for administering hepatitis B immunoglobulin after exposure?

Answer 18

Preferably within 24 hours and not later than a week

Question 19

Define ‘high-risk contacts’ in the context of Lassa fever post-exposure prophylaxis.

Answer 19

Contacts with unprotected exposure to potentially infectious blood or body fluids

Question 20

What is the regimen for high-risk contacts of Lassa fever?

Answer 20

Ribavirin 500mg by mouth every 6 hours for 7 days or IV Ribavirin 100mg/kg stat

Question 21

Fill in the blank: The efficacy of PEP for Lassa fever is _______.

Answer 21

unknown

Question 22

What must be done if the index case for Lassa fever tests negative?

Answer 22

Cessation of Ribavirin treatment

Question 23

What is the loading dose of Ribavirin for pregnant women who are high risk contacts of Lassa fever?

Answer 23

100mg/kg in 2 divided doses: 2/3 given stat and 1/3 after 8 hours.

This regimen is for immediate post-exposure prophylaxis.

Question 24

What is the daily dose of Ribavirin for pregnant women from Day 1 to Day 4 after exposure to Lassa fever?

Answer 24

25mg/kg daily.

Commences 24 hours after the first 2/3rd of the loading dose.

Question 25

What is the daily dose of Ribavirin for pregnant women from Day 5 to Day 7 after exposure to Lassa fever?

Answer 25

12.5mg/kg daily.

Question 26

What should be done at the completion of therapy for Lassa fever post-exposure prophylaxis?

Answer 26

RT PCR for Lassa virus must be done and temperature/foetal monitoring continued for 21 days.

Question 27

What is the effectiveness of prompt post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) following severe exposures to rabies?

Answer 27

100% effective in preventing rabies.

Question 28

What should be done to wounds after a rabies exposure?

Answer 28

Thoroughly cleaned, damaged tissues excised, and the wound left unsutured.

Question 29

What is the safest antirabies antiserum?

Answer 29

Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG).

Question 30

What is the recommended dose of HRIG for rabies exposure?

Answer 30

20 U/kg body weight; half infiltrated around the bite and half given intramuscularly at a different site.

Question 31

What is the schedule for administering the human diploid cell strain vaccine for rabies?

Answer 31

1.0 mL intramuscularly on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28.

Question 32

Who should be immunized for tetanus after sustaining tetanus-prone wounds?

Answer 32

Individuals with incomplete vaccination status or last booster >10 years earlier.

Question 33

What are the two preparations available for passive immunization in tetanus management?

Answer 33

Human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and equine antitoxin.

Question 34

What is the dose of TIG given for tetanus prophylaxis?

Answer 34

1500 IU as a single IM dose after testing for hypersensitivity.

Question 35

What is imperative for infection prevention at all levels of healthcare practice?

Answer 35

Adequate infection prevention measures must be observed.

Question 36

What must be done promptly in the event of any exposure?

Answer 36

Assessment and measures to limit infection, including antimicrobial prophylaxis where necessary.