Immunizing Drugs and Pandemic Preparedness Flashcards
(24 cards)
Immune response
Antigens are foreign proteins from an?
Antibodies are _______ molecules that have antigen-specific amino acid sequences.
Antigens are foreign proteins from an invading organism.
* Specific information is imprinted into a cellular “memory bank” of the immune system;
* the body can then effectively fight any future invasion by that same organism by mounting an immune response.
Antibodies are immunoglobulin molecules that have antigen-specific amino acid sequences.
- Immunoglobulin molecules: glycoprotein molecules synthesized by the humoral immune system for the purpose of destroying all substances that the body recognizes as foreign
Active immunization
Artificial active immunization:
Natural active immunization:
Artificial active immunization: The body is clinically exposed to a relatively harmless form of an antigen that does not cause an actual infection.
Natural active immunization: A person acquires immunity by surviving the disease itself and producing antibodies to the disease-causing organism.
Artificial Active Immunization
The body is exposed to a relatively harmless form of an antigen.
The immune system is stimulated and “remembers” this antigen if subsequent exposures occur.
The antigen does not cause a full-blown infection.
Natural Active Immunization
A person acquires immunity by surviving the disease itself and producing antibodies to the disease-causing organism.
Passive Immunization
Artificial passive immunization:
Natural passive immunization:
Artificial passive immunization: administration of serum or concentrated immunoglobulins
-The inoculated person is given the substance needed to fight off the invading microorganism.
-This type of immunization bypasses the host’s immune system.
Natural passive immunization: Antibodies are transferred from the mother to her infant in breast milk or through the bloodstream via the placenta during pregnancy.
This protection is temporary and lasts for only a few weeks or months
Biological Antimicrobial Drugs
Used to prevent, treat, or cure infectious diseases; also called biologicals
Antitoxins; neutralize toxins
Antisera; determine which antigens are on RBCs
Toxoids and vaccines
-Known as immunizing biologicals, toxoids and vaccines target a particular infectious microorganism.
Toxoids
Antigenic (foreign) preparations of bacterial exotoxins
Detoxified with chemicals or heat
-Weakened or “attenuated”
-Cannot revert back to a toxic form
Stimulate the immune system to produce a specific antibody
-Artificial active immune response
Protect against future exposures (e.g., to toxin-producing bacteria that cause diphtheria and tetanus)
Vaccines
Vaccines are one of the most effective methods of preventing and controlling communicable diseases.
Many diseases such as polio, diphtheria, pertussis, and measles are controlled by vaccines but have not been eradicated.
Suspensions of live, attenuated (weakened) or killed (inactivated) microorganisms that stimulate the production of antibodies against the organism.
These slight alterations in the bacteria and viruses prevent the injected person from contracting the disease.
Also stimulate the production of antigens against a specific antibody
Vaccinations with live bacteria or virus provide lifelong immunity.
Vaccinations with killed bacteria or virus provide partial immunity; booster shots are needed periodically.
Example: influenza and pneumonia vaccines
Vaccines examples
Influenza Vaccine
Covid Vaccines (m-RNA)
Hepatitis B
Diptheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis vaccine (dTaP)
Measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine (MMR)
Meningococcal vaccine
Pneumococcal vaccine
Poliovirus vaccine
Rabies virus vaccine
Human papillomavirus vaccine
Herpes zoster vaccine
Varicella virus vaccine
Influenza Vaccine
FluMist Quadrivalent® is given?
Immunization (NACI) recommends that all persons older__________________receive the influenza vaccine.
A quadrivalent influenza vaccine is specifically indicated for?
Needs to be given each year (fall) before influenza season begins based on the best possible prediction of what type and variant of virus will be prevalent that year
Single most important influenza control measure
FluMist Quadrivalent® is given intranasally, whereas the others are given intramuscularly or intradermally.
TheNational Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommends that all persons older than 6 months of age receive the influenza vaccine.
A quadrivalent influenza vaccine is specifically indicated for older adults (>65 years of age).
Covid Vaccines: Alberta
type
current recommendation
what if immunicompromised?
mRNA vaccines: (Pfizer and Moderna)
Current recommendation is an annual booster.
Immunocompromised individuals may need more doses.
Hepatitis B Vaccine
Hepatitis B virus vaccine (inactivated) (Recombivax HB®, Engerix-B®) is a noninfectious viral vaccine containing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
Antigenic HBsAg is used to promote active immunity to hepatitis B infection in persons considered at high risk for potential exposure to the hepatitis B virus or HBsAg-positive materials (e.g., blood, plasma, serum).
Recommended: all children (usually started shortly after birth) and adults with diabetes and health care professionals (nurses and nursing students)
Tetanus Immunoglobulin
Tetanus: toxins from the bacteria attack the nervous system causing painful muscle spasms (neck and jaw), breathing difficulty, seizures, speech and memory problems, and even death
Tetanus bacteria live in dirt, soil, manure, human stool.
Enter the body through an open cut, wound, animal bites
Given as prophylaxis to people with tetanus-prone wounds
Adverse Effects
Treatment of AEs
Report serious AEs to
Range from mild and transient to very serious or life threatening
Minor effects
-Fever, minor rash, soreness at injection site, urticaria, arthritis, adenopathy
Severe effects
-Fever higher than 39.4°C, encephalitis, convulsions, anaphylactic reaction, dyspnea, peripheral neuropathy, shock, unconsciousness, cyanosis
Minor reactions
-Treated with acetaminophen and rest
Serious or unusual reactions
Serum sickness
Report serious or unusual reactions to the Canadian Adverse Events Following Immunization Surveillance System (CAEFISS).
CRNA Position on Vaccine Misinformation
Spreading misinformation and disinformation about vaccinations is in direct contravention of the CRNA’s code of ethics and standards of practice. Specifically, registered nurses and nurse practitioners have a duty to provide care in a safe, competent, and ethical manner and are required to meet the expectations outlined in theCode of Ethics for Registered Nurses(2017) and thePractice Standards for Regulated Members(2023).
TheCode of Ethics for Registered Nurses(2017) states that“During a natural or human made disaster, including a communicable disease outbreak, nurses provide care using appropriate safety precautions in accordance with legislation, regulations and guidelines provided by government, regulatory bodies, employers, unions and professional association.”
The CRNA’sPractice Standards for Regulated Members(2013), indicator 1.2, states that the registrant follows all current and relevant legislation and regulation.
It is the CRNA’s expectation that the code of ethics and standards of practice are followed by registrants at all times, in all practice environments and in all domains of practice. Failure to abide by the code of ethics and/or standards of practice is considered unprofessional conduct, and may be subject to a formal complaint, investigation and professional discipline.
Nursing Implications
Assess the patient’s health history, medication history, allergies, and pregnancy status.
Assess previous reactions and responses to immunizations.
Assess contraindications, including immunosuppression.
Before giving any drug, recheck the specific protocols for administration and schedules for administration.
Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for drug storage, administration, routes, and site of administration.
Encourage parents of young children to keep a journal of the child’s immunization status, with dates of immunizations and reactions, if any.
If discomfort occurs at the injection site, apply warm compresses and give acetaminophen.
Do not give aspirin to children.
Monitor therapeutic responses, and watch for and monitor adverse reactions.
Pandemic
Pandemic influenza is a highly infectious outbreak of influenza that spreads rapidly around the world with serious consequences
Pandemic Preparedness
Global planning implemented to monitor, report, and coordinate activities when a pandemic influenza is identified.
A Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan has been developed.
All provinces and territories have an influenza pandemic preparedness plan.
Pandemic Preparedness and Response
Federal, Provincial, and Territorial Framework
Planned, coordinated, efficient and effective health response
Two goals
-Minimize overall illness and death
-Minimize societal disruption associated with pandemic
Pandemic Preparedness
Prevention strategies
Guidelines for planning activities
Surveillance
Vaccine programs
Antivirals
Health services
Public health measures
Communication
Pandemic Response
Roles and responsibilities for health care providers
Coordination of a post pandemic response
Pandemic Planning
In hospital settings, inpatient areas and critical services are key to effective pandemic response.
Advanced surge capacity planning
Staff
Client triage
Equipment and supplies
Space to accommodate clients
Systems to respond to the pandemic event
Pandemic Influenza…impacts
The “Triple Threat”:
-Increased demand for services
-Reduced workforce (ill/fear/caring for ill family)
-Potential disruption of supply chain
Will not be able to maintain “business as usual”!
Business Continuity Planning seeks to address this
Pandemic Influenza…Responses
Mass vaccination (when available!)
Prioritization
Anti-virals
Severe cases and prophylaxis
Communications
Maintenance of Health Services (as possible)
Surveillance
International/National/Provincial/Local
Stockpiling of supplies
Public Health Measures & Control
Personal Preparedness
