Immuno Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
(adaptive/innate) immunity: barriers, phagocytes, complement
A
innate
2
Q
proteins that recognize and clear bacteria through lysis of target cell in some cases
A
complement
3
Q
(adaptive/innate) immunity: antibody, T cell recognition, cell mediated activation of immune response
A
adaptive
4
Q
(adaptive/innate) immunity: rapid, fixed, limited number of specificities, constant during response
A
innate
5
Q
(adaptive/innate) immunity: slow, variable, numerous highly selective specificities, improves during response
A
adaptive
6
Q
serum proteins that result from specific immune responses, high affinity binding sites for specific foreign structures
A
antibodies (bind to antigens-foreign structures)
7
Q
site for effector cells or proteins to bind antibodies
A
Fc regions
8
Q
when a specific antibody is present, a high affinity bridge is formed enhancing phagocytosis
A
opsonization
9
Q
antibody types responsible for enhancing phagocytosis
A
opsonins (“seasoning”)
10
Q
most abundant leukocyte, contain primary/azurophilic or secondary/specific granules which have the bactericidal and hydrolytic enzymes of the cell
A
neutophils aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes
11
Q
1-3% of circulating leukocytes, short half life, important in clearance of parasitic worms, capable of phagocytosis but do most work through extracellular mechanisms
A
eosinophils
12
Q
(macrophages/monocytes): derived from bone marrow and circulate the blood
A
monocytes (called macrophages when they enter tissues)
13
Q
(B cell/T lymphocyte): expresses immunoglobulin on surface, produces antibody
A
B cell
14
Q
(B cell/T lymphocyte): regulates immune responses and effector function of killing infected cells
A
T lymphocytes
15
Q
cytotoxic T cells have the __ surface marker, antigen specific
A
CD8
16
Q
large granular lymphocytes, kill tumor cells and some virally infected cells without specificity
A
NK cell
17
Q
general term that refers to proteins that will alter the response of the immune system
A
cytokines
18
Q
primarily known for antiviral activity, tumoricidal effects, stimulate macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK cells
A
interferons
19
Q
(alpha and beta/gamma) interferons: produced by T cells that are stimulated, then stimulates macrophages and leads to the differentiation of T cells and B cells
A
gamma
20
Q
(alpha and beta/gamma) interferons: synthesized by macrophages, fibroblasts
A
alpha and beta
21
Q
most common immunoglobulin type and has the widest ranges of functions, neutralizes toxins
A
IgG
22
Q
most primitive immunoglobulin type, most potent at complement fixation but is unable to directly mediate many functions such as opsonization or ADCC, first thing we make in immune response
A
IgM
23
Q
immunoglobulin that exists in two forms, one of which is SECRETED. Secretory piece inhibits degradation, highly glycosylated, present in saliva, gut secretions, breast milk
A
IgA
24
Q
immunoglobulin that is associated with immune response to parasites and is important in the allergic reaction
A
IgE
25
which immunoglobulin passes through the placenta
IgG--therefore baby has mom's IgG profile
26
which immunoglobulin can be transported across epithelium
IgA
27
a mechanism of cell-mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system actively lyses a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies.
antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
28
which immunoglobulin is bound to a cell before antigen is bound
IgE-to mast cell
29
when antigen binds IgE, the mast cell releases
histamine
30
crystallized, constant region of antibody that binds to cell
Fc region
31
antigen binding region, variable
Fab region
32
how do we get so many different variable regions of antibodies with only 3 billion bases in the genome
gene rearrangement
33
residues on antibodies that do not vary from one protein to another
framework residues
34
regions that provide the sequence of the very specific antigen binding site
hypervariable regions--heavy and light chain V regions contain three hypervariable regions each
35
the constant region of which immunoglobulin does not have a receptor
IgM
36
what is bound by an antibody
epitope
37
the expression of the sum of all the interactions between an antibody binding site and its homologous antigenic determinant
affinity--only precise in a monovalent antigen-antibody system
38
binding of antigen-antibody is (irreversible/reversible)
reversible--so affinity can be expressed using the law of mass action
39
the strength of binding of multivalent antiserum to multivalent antigen is termed:
avidity
40
since multiple antibody forming clones are induced by most antigens, the affinity for antigen binding of a population of antibodies is highly (homogeneous/heterogeneous)
highly heterogeneous!
41
cross reactivity of antiserum may be due to (two things)
impurities, common or similar structures on antigens
42
cross reacting groups of antiserum need to be (identical/similar)
similar
43
two common techniques to eliminate cross reactivities of antibody
absorption and affinity chromatography
44
(absorption/affinity chromatography) refers to the use of the cross reacting material to remove the activity that causes the cross reaction
absorption
45
(absorption/affinity chromatography) bind the reagent you want to an insoluble support then pass antiserum over the reagent-support and the cross reacting body will just flow through
affinity chromatography
46
in ______ technology, a single clone of one B-cell is produced by fusing that cell to a tumor cell (unlimited growth potential) and isolating the clone with the antibody specificity of interest
monoclonal
47
clones produced by monoclonal antibody technology survive for how long
forever--huge amounts produced, less cross reactivity, lower affinity and little avidity
48
what types of cells are fused to tumor cells in monoclonal antibody preparation
spleen cells (from the immunized animal)
49
the oldest form of monoclonal antibodies, the variable regions are from mouse and constant regions are human
chimeric
50
(humanized/chimeric): only the points of contact with the antigen remain mouse in this type of monoclonal antibody
humanized
51
(humanized/human monoclonals): generally totally made through molecular biology techniques
human monoclonals
52
suffix of murine monoclonal antibodies in drug name: (-omab/-ximab)
omab
53
suffix of chimeric monoclonal antibodies in drug name: (-omab/-ximab)
-ximab
54
suffix of humanized monoclonal antibodies in drug name: (-zumab/-ximab)
zumab
55
suffix of fully human monoclonal antibodies in drug name: (-omab/-umab)
umab
56
why use a chimeric antibody instead of a mouse monoclonal antibody when making drugs
serum sickness--hypersensitivity to injected antibodies
57
what types of problems are treated using monoclonal antibodies
transplant rejection, cancer, psoriasis, autoimmune, non Hodgkin Lymphoma
58
enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA): sensitive and specific, has (radiactive/no radiactive) material
no radioactive material
59
in this assay, antigen is stuck to the bottom of a well, antibody is added, allowed to incubate, and the unbound antibody is washed away. A second antibody that will bind the first antibody is then added, with an enzyme covalently bound to it, which turns color when a chemical is added
ELISA-enzyme linked immunosorbant assay
60
ELISA can be used to assay for (antigen/antibody)
both!
61
when tissue or cells are reacted with antisera specific for a cell marker or pathogen and the unbound antiserum is removed by washing. Then a second antibody specific for the first antibody is added and allowed to bind, and the 2nd one has a fluorescent molecule attached
immunofluorescence
62
(ELISA/immunofluorescence) is used to identify a specific cell type or find a specific cell structure, or used to identify a pathogen within cells or tissue
immunofluorescence
63
fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS)/cell cytometry: these machines scan large numbers of cells for what two properties
immunofluorescence and size
64
FACS/cell cytometry can scan for (one marker at a time/many markers at a time)
many markers at one time
65
what technology would you use to measure the quantity of CD4 or CD8 cells in someone's blood?
FACS--using relative fluorescence
66
in a 2D dot plot from FACS, what does the northeastern quadrant indicate
cells that are stuck together
67
in a 2D dot plot from FACS, what does the southwestern quadrant indicate
neither cell being measured
68
what three things can you learn from a Western Immunoblot
amount of antigen, molecular weight of antigen, and the different forms of antigen you might be detecting
69
why use a secondary antibody when doing a western immunoblot?
primary antibodies are too numerous, and one secondary antibody can label numerous primary antibodies
70
antibody clearance is faster the (first/second) time the antibody is given
second time (and not detectable the third time)
71
(IgG/IgM) has higher affinity
IgG
72
(IgG/IgM) secondary response is similar to primary reponse
IgM (there is a big difference between IgG primary and secondary)
73
IgG persists in blood for (days/months/years)
years
74
the secondary immune response has (shorter/longer) lag time
shorter
75
the secondary immune response has (higher/lower) rates of antibody synthesis
higher
76
the secondary immune response has (lower/higher) peak of antibody titer
higher
77
the secondary immune response has (shorter/longer) persistence of antibody
longer
78
the secondary immune response has a predominance of (IgG/IgM) class molecules
IgG
79
the secondary immune response has (higher/lower) affinity of antibody
higher
80
the secondary immune response requires (more/less) antigen
less
81
during ___ ___, mutations occur and the antibody gets better or worse at finding the antigen, and IgM -> IgG
class switch (primary -> secondary response)
82
(toxin/toxoid): protein that will kill you
toxin
83
inactivated toxin, antigenically the same, activates immune response, will not kill you
toxoid
84
tetanus toxin (can/cannot) induce immune response
cannot--will kill you before you can get enough toxin to induce response
85
consequence of thymus removal/absence
blunts antibody response, do not get increased affinity over time, do not get IgG
86
antibody clone expanding longest has (lowest/highest) affinity to the antigen
highest
87
(B/T) cells are better at determining self vs foreign
T cells
88
(B/T) cells detect proteins, which is why you conjugate a vaccine to an egg white albumin, for example
T cells
89
two antigen presenting cells
macrophages and dendritic cells
90
(B/T) cells express surface immunoglobulin and each cell is only able to express a single variable region (aka idiotype)
B cell
91
clonal expansion: when (B/T) cells proliferate and produce up to 1000 daughter cells in 10 days
B cells
92
(B/T) cells: distinguished by surface antigen, designated CD4
T cells
93
most antigens that (B/T) cells react to are proteins or peptides
T cells
94
immunogens that do not require T cell help to produce an immune response, polymeric molecules having a large number of repeating subunits
T independent antigens
95
the basic function of ____ _____ cells is to initiate the interaction with antigen by endocytosis or phagocytosis, may be enhanced by interaction with complement (C3b receptor mediated)
antigen presenting cells
96
in addition to antigen processing, antigen-presenting cells must provide a second or __-_____ signal to tell T cells to divide
co-stimulatory: the presentation of antigen without co-stimulation does not induce immunity
97
a substance that enhances the body's immune response to an antigen.
adjuvant
98
(primary/secondary) immune response: anamnestic
secondary
99
which is a better but more expensive treatment: human tetanus immune globulin or equine tetanus antitoxin
human immune globulin
100
if a patient has been immunized against tetanus and gets a laceration, he should be given (toxoid and antitoxin/toxoid/antitoxin)
toxoid (booster)
101
why do you need to give toxoid and antitoxin at different sites on the body?
give them simultaneously, but at different sites, so the antitoxin doesn't work immediately on the toxoid and prevent it from stimulating an immune response
102
(active/passive) immunity: toxoid
active
103
(active/passive) immunity: immune globulin
passive
104
a baby gets exposed to a toxin. give the baby (toxoid/toxoid and immune globulin/immune globulin)
immune globulin against the toxin. the baby already has immunity from the mother
105
(passive/active) immunization: immediate result, short term
passive
106
(passive/active) immunization: long term, takes longer
active
107
if you recover from a tetanus infection, you (have/do not have) immunity to future infections
do not have! the immunogenic dose of tetanus is far more than the lethal dose
108
(primary/secondary) response: sooner, higher, more prolonged
secondary
109
(cell/antibody) mediated: active or passive
antibody
110
(cell/antibody) mediated: active or adoptive
cell mediated
111
variable region of heavy chain: (VDJ/VJ)
VDJ (VJ is light chain)
112
when enzymes bring the VD and J sequences together, this is splicing of (DNA/RNA)
DNA!
113
DNA sequences that are used by enzymes to tell the enzymes to connect V to D to J
RSS: recombination signal sequence
114
(P/N) regions: based on where DNA hairpins get cleaved by RAG
P regions
115
enzyme that splices sequences together based on RSS
RAG (recombination activation gene)
116
enzyme that adds random nucleotides, does not follow template, makes N region
Terminal deoxytransferase TdT
117
(P/N) region: made by TdT
N region
118
if an IgM light chain is self reactive to bone marrow, it will:
keep rearranging or die
119
when does class switching occur
when a B cell encounters antigen (IgM to Ig_)
120
IgM and Ig_ can have both on surface at the same time, based on how RNA is edited
IgD (four options: secreted/transmembrane for D or M)
121
enzyme that allows section of DNA to be looped out so you can go from IgM to IgG
AID
122
IgM to IgG is (DNA/RNA) editing
RNA
123
(B cells/both/T cells): experience somatic hypermutation
B cells only
124
mutations seen at places where antigen and antibody are in contact, made by AID during immune response
somatic hypermutation (creates a better, higher affinity antibody)
125
why do T cells not undergo somatic hypermutation
no mutation during immune response to prevent auto immune reactivity
126
where do T cells eliminate self reactivity
in the thymus, before they leave!
127
RAG deficiency: lack of (B cells/both/T cells)
both
128
state of non-responsiveness to antigen
anergy-- T cells and B cells are said to be anergic when they cannot respond to their specific antigen under optimal conditions of stimulation.
129
the major T cell co-stimulatory molecules
B7 (CD80 and CD86), both bind CD28 on T cells
130
the receptor on T cells for the B7 co-stimulatory molecules
CD28
131
role of CD28
activation and proliferation of T cells after they first encounter antigen.
132
the high-affinity receptor for B7 molecules on T cells. Plays a critical role in
shutting off the T cell response.
CTLA-4
133
serine proteases present in cytotoxic T cells that are involved in inducing apoptosis in the target cells.
granzymes
134
a cytokine produced by activated naïve T cells, which is
essential for their further proliferation and differentiation. It is one of the key cytokines
in the development and contraction of an adaptive immune response
IL2
135
a hematopoietic growth factor secreted by stromal cells in the
bone marrow and thymus as well as keratinocytes, dendritic cells, hepatocytes,
neurons, and epithelial cells. It is important for T cell development, survival and
homeostasis.
IL7
136
a protein that can polymerize to form membrane pores that are an important part of the killing mechanism in cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
perforin
137
cell mediated immunity important for clearance of which pathogens
Listeria, mycobacterium tb, mycobacter leprae
138
A compound that increases the immunogenicity of an antigen. The most
common in vaccines is the aluminum salt Alum.
adjuvant
139
The use of immune serum to give an immediate resistance
| to an infection.
passive immunization
140
The act of immunizing with antigens to induce an immune
| response to a pathogen.
active immunizations
141
A weakened virus that can replicate to a limited extent.
live attenuated
142
Infections with organisms that do not usually cause disease in a healthy host
opportunistic infections
143
general term that refers to proteins that will alter the response of the
immune system.
cytokines
144
Primarily known for the antiviral activity these have been shown to have tumoricidal
effects. These molecules stimulate macrophages, T cells, B cells and NK cells
interferons
145
sometimes called Type I are synthesized by macrophages,
| fibroblasts and many other cell types
alpha and beta interferons
146
produced by T cells that are stimulated. This molecule
has been shown stimulate macrophages, and lead to the differentiation of T cells and
B cells.
IFN gamma
147
IL_ stimulates TH1 responses
IL-12
148
IL-17 is involved in ______
inflammation
149
IL-_ colony stimulating factor
IL-3
150
IL-_,_ are B cell growth factors
IL-5, IL-4
