immuno exam 3 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
which type of T cell regulates the immune response
A
helper T cell
2
Q
which type of T cell destroys cells expressing endogenous Ags
A
cytotoxic T cell
3
Q
which type of T cell controls everything
A
regulatory T cell
4
Q
3 aspects of the immune response of activated helper T cells
A
cell division
producing cytokines
cell differentiation
5
Q
what are the main receptors able to bind Ags
A
TCR
BCR
MHC I
MHC II
6
Q
which region of a lymphocyte receptor binds and recognizes different Ag
A
variable domain
7
Q
___ is always beside TCR and is composed of five protein chains in dimers
A
CD3 complex
8
Q
what type of Ag is presented by MHC II to a helper cell;
what accessory molecule binds to MHC II
A
exogenous Ag;
CD4
9
Q
what type of Ag is presented by MHC I to a cytotoxic T cell;
what accessory molecule binds to MHC I
A
endogenous Ag;
CD8
10
Q
what is the importance of CD4/CD8 linking the T cell to the APC
A
ensures an effective signal is transmitted between them
11
Q
which part of the TCR-CD3 complex functions as a signal transducer
A
CD3
12
Q
CD154 (CD40L) on the lymphocyte is a costimulatory molecule with ___ on the APC
A
CD40
13
Q
the interaction of these two co-stimulatory molecules will cause the T cell to produce IL-1, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-a and CCL3
A
CD154-CD40
14
Q
CD28 on the lymphocyte is costimulatory with ___ on the APC or ___ on the B cell
A
CD80 APC
CD86 B cell
15
Q
CD28-CD80/86 interaction induces production of ___
A
IL-2
16
Q
effects of IL-2 production
A
upregulate cell survival genes
increase energy metabolism
promote T cell division
17
Q
what co-stimulatory interaction regulates T cells
A
CD152-CD80/86
18
Q
CD152 makes the T cell produce __ which destroys ___
A
indoleamine dioxygenase;
tryptophan
19
Q
what is the effect of the absence of tryptophan
A
T cells cannot respond to Ag
20
Q
how long does it take to produce co-stimulatory signals
A
3 days
21
Q
DCs and macrophages secrete ___ when stimulated by TLR2
A
IL-23
22
Q
result of IL-23, IL-6 and TGF-B interaction
A
differentiating Th0 to Th17
23
Q
Th17 produces
A
IL-17
24
Q
IL-17 produces chemokines, GM-CSF, IL-6 and ICAM-1; the production of these cytokines by IL-17 is associated with
A
neutrophil accumulation and activation; inflammation
25
supramolecular structure generated by the interaction between a T cell and APC
immunological synapse
26
function of immunological synapse
send signals inside T cell or APC
27
which molecules interact inside the cSMAC
TCR-CD3
CD28-CD80
28
which molecules interact in the inner pSMAC
CD2-CD48
29
which molecules interact in the outer pSMAC
LFA-1, ICAM-1, talin
30
transcription factors generated by immunological synapse include
NF-kB
NF-AT
AP-1
31
function of transcription factors
gene expression and production of cytokines
32
CD8 T cells can be activated by
1 MHC and Ag
33
how does the presence of CD28 (co-stimulatory molecule) affect T cell activation
requires less Ag to activate
34
superantigens do not require
MHC Ag presentation
35
superantigens bind in part to both MHC and TCR; which TCR chain does it bind to
beta
36
superantigens stimulate a:
powerful T cell response
____
toxic shock syndrome
high cytokine production (TNF-a, IL-1)
37
this helper T cell is apart of the cellular immune response
Th1
38
this helper T cell is apart of the humoral immune response
Th2
39
all helper T cells are
CD4+
40
Th1 is activated by the interaction between
CD80 and IL-12
41
Th1 produces
IL-2
IFN-y
TNF-B
42
Th2 produces
IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
IL-13
43
Th2 is inhibited by
IFN-y
44
IFN-y is produced by:
Th1 cells
___
CD8 T cells
NK cells
45
effects of IFN-y
activate NK cells
antiviral
activate macrophages - inc IL-12
46
effects of IL-2:
control Tregs
enhance NK cells
activate macrophages
______
______
promote B cell proliferation
promote Th1 activation
47
what type of T cell is more common in ruminants
gamma/delta
48
innate gamma/delta T cells are found in
uterus and skin
49
adaptive gamma/delta T cells are found in
GIT and secondary lymphoid organs
50
after the T cell-DC interaction, the T cell divides asymmetrically; the cell at the opposite pole becomes __
memory T cell
51
the cellular immune response provides immunity against:
intracellular bacteria
intracellular virus
fungi
protozoa
____
tumors
52
T cells only recognize Ag when
on surface of APC by MHC
53
the mechanism of cell death is activated by ___
caspases
54
initiator caspases are activated by
multimolecular death complexes
55
which type of caspase breaks down cellular structures
effector caspases
56
inflammatory caspases are activated by
multimolecular inflammasomes
57
morphological changes of apoptosis
clumping of chromatin, blebbing, loss of organelles --> nuclear fragmentation, apoptotic bodies
58
DCs and Ag on MHC I produce IL-12, which activates __
CD8 T cell
59
CD4 T cell produces ___ and ___ which activates CD8 T cell
IL-2 and IFN-y
60
CD4 T cells produce __ and ___
IL-12 and CCL22 (chemokine)
61
the immunological synapse forms a gasket of outer adhesive proteins, what is the function of this
prevents leakage of cytotoxic molecules into tissue fluid
62
the cSMAC associated with cytotoxic mechanisms contains
Fas-ligand
perforins
63
the cSMAC associated with signaling contains
TCR-CD3
CD28-CD80
64
what molecules are necessary for the "lethal hit" intrinsic pathway
granzymes
perforins
caspase 3
65
function of perforins in the intrinsic pathway
produce an opening on target cell membrane which allows granzymes to get into cell, which then produce caspase 3
66
function of caspase 3 in the intrinsic pathway of the cytotoxic response
DNA fragmentation to apoptosis
67
molecules needed for extrinsic pathway of cytotoxic response
CD95L-CD95
caspase 8
caspase 3
68
extrinsic pathway is activated by
ligation of death receptors CD95
formation of DISC
69
in the intrinsic pathway, the injection of granzymes leads to the release of ___ from the mitochondria
cytochrome c
70
cytochrome c releases __ which activates caspase 9 to activate the effector caspases
apoptosome
71
IFN-y and IL-2 released by Th1 cells can activate and enable ____ to kill intracellular bacteria
macrophages
72
in the innate pathway of macrophage activation, IFN-y is produced by
NK cells
73
in the adaptive pathway and macrophage activation, IFN-y is produced by
Th1 cells
74
classical (M1) activation of macrophages is activated by Th1 production of IFN-y and TNF-a and results in ___
inflammation
75
alternative (M2) activation of macrophages is activated by Th2 and Treg cell production of IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13; M2 results in:
ECM production
cell proliferation
angiogenesis
_____
_____
antiinflammatory
wound repair
76
antibodies are ___ BCRs
soluble; free
77
which part of Ab contains the Ag binding site
light chain
78
purpose of hinge region of Ab
provides mobility for interaction
79
what is the effect of treating an immunoglobulin with papain
molecule cleaved into three large fragments (2 Fab 1 Fc)
80
what is the effect of treating an immunoglobulin with pepsin
molecule cleaved into one large (Fab) fragment and many small (Fc) fragments
81
the light chain of an immunoglobulin can be __ or ___
kappa
lambda
82
which Ig does an alpha heavy chain correspond to
IgA
83
which Ig does a gamma heavy chain correspond to
IgG
84
which Ig does a delta heavy chain correspond to
IgD
85
which Ig does an epsilon heavy chain correspond to
IgE
86
which Ig does a mu heavy chain correspond to
IgM
87
sequence variation in 6 to 10 amino acids; also known as complementarity determining regions (CDR)
hypervariable regions
88
dispersed between CDRs are
constant framework regions
89
complement activating region of an immunoglobulin
C2
90
Ag binding region of an immunoglobulin
Fab
91
cell binding region of an immunoglobulin
Fc
92
all B cells are ___ positive
CD79
93
____ binds to C3d on the Ag; sends a signal through ____; generating a co-stimulatory signal to enhance B cell responses
CD21;
CD19
94
which two transcription factors are involved in B cell signal transduction
NF-kB
NF-AT
95
Th2 is stimulated by
CD86 and IL-1
96
Th2 produces IL-4, which inhibits the cellular immune response by inhibiting
IL-2
IFN-y
97
which IL produced by Th2:
stimulates B cell growth and diffrentiation
activates mast cells
IL-4
98
which IL produced by Th2:
stimulates B cell growth
suppresses macrophages
IL-13
99
which IL produced by Th2:
stimulates B cell growth
activates eosinophils
IL-5
100
which IL produced by Th2:
inhibits Th1
suppresses macrophages
IL-10
101
these co-stimulatory molecules mediate the interaction between Th2 and B cell
CD154-CD40
CD28-CD86
102
when the Th2 cell is activated, it starts producing IL-4, IL-13, IL-5, and IL-6; how do these interleukins affect the B cells
activation and division
differentiation into plasma cells to produce Ab
103
what is the main difference in the secondary response of B cells
memory B cell process and present the Ag - no participation of DCs
104
which IL:
inc expression of MHC II
induces Ig class switching
IL-4
105
which IL:
B cell diff. into plasma cells
stimulates IgM and IgG production
with IL-4, stimulates IgE production
IL-5
106
which IL:
needed for final diff. into plasma cells
with IL-5 promotes IgA production
with IL-1 promotes IgM production
IL-6
107
which IL:
similar to IL-4
req. for optimal induction of IgE
IL-13
108
in a T-independent immune response, there are NO
Th cells
memory cells
or Ig class switching (only IgM response)
109
true or false, a B cell can recognize naive epitopes from free, soluble Ags
true
110
short lived (1-2wk) plasma cells reside in
spleen and LN
111
long lived (months-yrs) plasma cells accumulate in
bone marrow
112
what type of memory cell do not depend on Ag contact for survival
long lived resting
113
what type of memory cell depends on Ag contact for survival
large and dividing
114
how long after the immune response begins to B cells and Th cells migrate to the germinal center
around 6 days
115
area of Ag-derived cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation and positive/negative B cell selection
germinal center
116
Ab with highest serum concentration
IgG
117
Ab with lowest serum concentration
IgE
118
secretory Ab
IgA
119
which Igs are largely synthesized in intestinal and respiratory tracts
IgE
IgA
120
which Ig:
plasma cells in spleen, LN, bone marrow
inflammation
agglutination
opsonization
can activate the classical complement
IgG
121
which Ig:
has a joining region and extra constant domain
plasma cells in secondary lymphoid organs
Ig monomer
can activate the complement
major Ig produced in primary immune response
opsonization, agglutination
virus neutralization
IgM
122
which Ig:
has a joining region and secretory component
dimer
plasma cells in body surfaces
transported through intestinal epithelium
major Ig in external secretions of non-ruminants
IgA
123
which Ig:
extra constant domain
attached to FceRI on mast cells and basophils
release inflammatory molecules from mast cells
anti-parasitic, anti-allergy
shortest half life
IgE
124
which Ig:
no disulfide bonds b/w heavy chains
not present in cats, chickens or rabbits
mainly attached to B cells
mediates link b/w innate and adaptive
IgD
125
first gene selected for encodes for
IgM
126
Ag binding site determined by
VDJ recombination
127
type of C terminal domain used by IgM serving as BCRs that is membrane bound
CuM
128
type of C terminal domain used by IgM serving as BCRs that is secreted
CuS
129
how is the difference between CuM and CuS domains determined
RNA splicing following transcription
130
which Ig can activate the classical complement pathway
IgG
IgM
131
which Ig can activate the lectin pathway
IgA
132
which Ig is involved in placental transfer
IgG
133
which Ig binds to macrophages and other phagocytes
IgG
IgA
IgE
134
which Ig has high affinity binding to mast cells and basophils
IgE
135
Igs involved in systemic protection
IgM and IgG
136
Ig found in skin and mucus
IgE
137
Ig found in respiratory and GI tracts
IgA
138
Igs found in circulation and blood
IgM and IgG
139
naive B cells express which two classes of membrane bound Ab that function as Ag receptors
IgM
IgD
140
through what do B and Th cells enter lymph nodes
HEVs
141
3 effector mechanisms of Abs
neutralization
opsonization
complement activation
142
neutralization of bacterial toxins results in
ingestion by macrophage
143
opsonization and complement activation result in
ingestion and lysis
144
Ag receptor chains are coded for by ___ genes
3
145
in "looping out", unwanted variable genes form a loop that is then cut off by a ____enzyme, so the desired V gene is linked to the J gene
recombinase
146
the first DNA rearrangement event to produce a Ig heavy chain
join selected D and J genes
147
the second DNA rearrangement event to produce a Ig heavy chain
add selected V gene
148
during development, each B cells is ___ attempts to make a productive gene rearrangement coding for a functional Ig; if it fails all attempts, the cell undergoes ___
4;
apoptosis
149
CDR1 and CDR2 of Ig are generated by
somatic mutation
150
CDR3 of Ig is generated by
gene conversion
151
why is somatic mutation avoided by TCRs
to prevent self-reactivity
