Immuno Part 1 Lec Flashcards by Loui Mojica

In the immunology laboratory, the most significant
hazard exists in obtaining and testing patient
specimens.

Biological hazard

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chain of infection

Host
Source
Mode of transmission

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Under source

Handwashing
Biohazardous waste disposal
Decontamination
Specimen bagging

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Under host

Standard precautions
Immunization
Healthy lifestyle
Exposure control plan
Post exposure prophylaxis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Under mode of transmission

Handwashing
Personnal protective equipment
Aerosol prevention
Disposable equipment
Pest control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hand contact represents the number one method of
infection transmission.

Handwashing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hands should always be washed at the following times:

before patient contact,
when gloves are removed
prior to leaving the work area
whenever the hands have been knowingly contaminated
before going to designated break areas
before and after using bathroom facilities.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Soap to use in handwashing

Antimicrobial soap

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many seconds or mins in handwashing

20 sec

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What song you can use in hanwashing how many repetition

Happy birthday- 3x

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When rinsing your hand the position should be

Downward position

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

With these type of viruses, we should have
now a strict adherence or guidelines published by

Center for disease control and prevention
Occupational safety health administration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

LABORATORY GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS
Formulated by the

Center for disease control and prevention
Occupational safety health administration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Year when CDC instituted the Universal Precautions (UP).

1987

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In 1987 CDC instituted the ____________

Universal Precautions (UP).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Universal precaution The guidelines recommend:

Wearing gloves
Wearing faceshield
Proper disposal of needle and sharps

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Major disadvantage of Body substance isolation

Do not recommend handwashing after removal of gloves unless visual contact

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

BSI GUIDELINES:

Not limited blood borne pathogens
Wear gloves or personal protective equipment
Considered all body fluid or moist body substances as potentially infectious

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Year when CDC combined the major features of UP and BSI guidelines and called the new guidelines as
standard precaution.

1996

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In 1996 CDC combined the major features of UP and BSI guidelines and called the new guidelines as ____________.

standard precaution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In 1996 C DC combined the major features of _________ and _____________and called the new guidelines as
standard precaution.

Universal precautions
Body substance isolation guidelines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

STANDARD PRECAUTION: Under this guidelines includes:

handwashing
gloves
mask, eye protection and face shield
gown/ lab gown

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Patient care equipment:

a. Environmental control
b. Linen
c. Occupational health and Blood-borne
pathogens (e.g. HBV)
d. Patient Placement (isolation
precautio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Regulations for packaging and labeling developed by

United state department of transportation
International air transportation association

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

made of glass, metal, or plastic with a positive (screw-on) cap.

Watertight primary container

Watertight primary container must be made of

glass metal plastic with a positive (screw-on) cap.

must be wrapped with enough absorbent material to be capable of absorbing all of its contents. Multiple specimens must be wrapped individually prior to placing them in the leak-proof secondary container.

Primary container

is placed in a sturdy outer container made of corrugated fiberboard, wood, metal, or rigid plastic. An itemized list of contents in a sealed plastic bag is also placed in the outer container. Ice packs are placed between the secondary and the outer container. Additional measures must be taken when using ice and dry ice.

Secondary container

During what year and date labeling of the outer container changed.

January 2007

The terms clinical specimen and diagnostic specimen have been replaced with

UN 3373 biological substances, Category B.

The scope of this can be human or animal material, including blood and its components, but it is not limited to the blood. This also deals with the tissue fluids or body parts.

Un 3373 biological substance, category b

Sharp objects in the laboratory, including needles, lancets, and broken glassware, present a serious biological hazard for possible exposure to blood borne pathogens caused by accidental puncture.

Sharp hazard

The number-one personal safety rule when handling needles are to never__________ one.

Never manually recap

must be disposed of in puncture-resistant, leak-proof containers labeled with the biohazard symbol.

Sharps

Proper pouring of acid and water

Acid to water

When skin or eye contact occurs: immediately flush the area with water for at least ____ minutes and seek medical attention.

15 minutes

when chemical splashes in the eye it used.

Boric acid

provides a soothing relief from eye irritation and helps remove pollutants from the eye, such as the smug chlorine or other chemicals.

Boric acid

contains information on physical and chemical characteristics, fire, explosion reactivity, health hazards, primary routes of entry, exposure limits and carcinogenic potential, precautions for safe handling, spill cleanup, and emergency first aid.

Material safety data sheet

has developed the Standard System for the Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials,

National fire protection association

Shape of nfpa

Diamond

Blue color:

Health hazard

Yellow color:

Reactivity

White color

Specific hazard

Red color

Fire hazard

is encountered in the clinical laboratory when procedures using radioisotopes.

Radioactivity

Radioactivity is encountered in the clinical laboratory when procedures using _________.

radioisotopes

Disposal of radioactive waste is regulated by the

Nuclear regulatory comission

most frequently encountered region label / radioactive waste

Iodine 123 Iodine 125 Iodine 131

Radioactive hazard this can be dispose using a process called

Tritiated hydrogen

is collected aseptically by venipuncture into a clean, dry, sterile tube.

Blood

is the most frequently encountered specimen in immunological testing.

Serum

serum is usually recommended for testing.

Fresh Non heat inactivated

If testing cannot be performed immediately: the serum must be stored between ________ for up to

2-8 C : 72hours

If there is any additional delay in testing, the serum should be frozen at

-20C or below

a measured amount of a serum sample is used directly for detection of antibodies.

Simple dilution

in order for a visible end point to occur in a serological reaction, the relative proportions of antigen and antibody present are important.

Simple dilution

A dilution involves two entities:

Solute Diluent

material being diluted (serum)

Solute

a medium making up the rest of the solution (NSS)

Diluent

is very essential to understand all the serological testing.

Serial dilution

we are detecting the true concentration of the antibody.

Serial dilution

Occasionally in the laboratory it is necessary to make a very large dilution, and it is more accurate and less costly to do this in several steps rather than all at once. Such a process is known as a

Compound dilution

The same approach is used, but the dilution occurs in several stages.

Compound dilution

Often used to obtain a titer, which is an indicator of the antibody strengths

Serial dilution

If, in each step of the dilution, the dilution factor is exactly the same, this is known as a

Serial dilution

A series of test tubes is set up with exactly the same amount of diluent in each test tube.

Serial dilution

Immunoassays have been developed to detect either antigen or antibody, and they vary from easily performed manual tests to highly complex automated assays.

Precipitation and agglutination reaction

Both the manual tests and automated tests have analytical sensitivity, but still the analytical sensitivity of the automated tests is still different compared to the manual tests

Precipitation and agglutination reaction

involves combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible.

Precipitation

The Immunoglobulin involved is _____ because it is better at precipitation reactions than agglutination reactions

Immunoglobulin G

the process by which particulate antigens aggregate to form larger complexes when a specific antibody is present.

Agglutination

Refers to the clumping of cells

Agglutination

Immunoglobulin that is more efficient in agglutination reaction

Immunoglobulin M

is the visible aggregation of particles caused by combination with specific antibody.

Agglutination

Antibodies that produce such reactions are often called

Agglutinins

is for antibodies and agglutinogens is for antigens

Agglutinins

Agglutination involves a two-step process:

Sensitization and lattice formation

Types of particles participating in such reactions include:

erythrocytes, bacterial cells, and inert carriers such as latex particles.

Agglutination reactions can be classified into several distinct categories:

Direct agglutination Indirect/passive agglutination Coagglutination Agglutination inhibition AHG mediated agglutination

in an ionic solution, red cells surround themselves with cations to form an ionic cloud, which keeps them about 25 nm apart.

Lattice formation

Lattice formation in an ionic solution, red cells surround themselves with cations to form an ________, which keeps them about 25 nm apart.

ionic cloud

Lattice formation in an ionic solution, red cells surround themselves with cations to form an ionic cloud, which keeps them about __________ apart.

25 nm

The antibodies of the ______ class often cannot bridge the distance between the particles because of their small size.

IgG

has a diameter of 35 nm, so they are strong agglutinates.

IgM

TYPES OF AGGLUTINATION REACTION

1. Direct Agglutination 2. Passive Agglutination (Indirect Agglutination) 3. Reverse Passive Agglutination 4. Agglutination Inhibition 5. Coagglutination 6. AHG-Mediated Agglutination

occurs when antigens are found naturally on a particle.

Direct agglutination

If an agglutination reaction involves red blood cells, it is called

Hemagglutination

Hemagglutination used Ig_____ type anti-A, anti-B, Antisera and usually performed at room temperature.

IgM

The best example of this is direct agglutination

ABO blood typing

Also called the indirect type of agglutination reaction that detects antibody.

Passive agglutination

Agglutination occurs if the antibody is present.

Indirect agglutination

Employs particles that are coated with antigens not normally found on their surfaces.

Passive agglutination

Carrier Particles:

Erythrocytes Latex particles Gelatin Silicate Bentonite Charcoal

Antibody is attached to a carrier particle

Reverse passive agglutination

The antibody must still be reactive and is joined in such a manner that the active sites are facing outward

Reverse passive agglutination

are based on competition between particulate and soluble antigens for limited antibody-combining sites, and a lack of agglutination is an indicator of a positive reaction.

Agglutination inhibition