Immuno week 1

Question 1

2 Branches of the IS

Answer 1

innate immunity
adaptive immunity

Question 2

Innate Immunity
answer:

Activation?
Main cells?
response time
**specificity

**memory

Answer 2

Activation: ALWAYS

Main cells: Macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells

Response time: fast (minutes to hours)

Specificity: Structures common to SEVERAL PATHOGENS

Memory: ABSENT

Question 3

**2 Branches of the IS
Adaptive Immunity
answer:

Activation?
Main cells?
response time
**specificity

**memory

Answer 3

**Activation: Only when in contact with antigens

Main cells: lymphocytes
T cells
Bcells

Response time: slow (days to weeks)

Specificity:
SPECIFIC epitope, typically unique to pathogen

Memory: PRESENT

Question 4

Cells of the IS originate from what?

Answer 4

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

Question 5

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

break down to what 2 things?

Answer 5

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

Common Myeloid Progenitor
which includes: RBC, PLT, Clz

Question 6

Cells of the IS

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

break down to 4 types of cells that –> to what?

Answer 6

Pro-ILC–>ILC
Pro NK cell–> NK cell
Pro T cell –> T cell
Pro B cell –> B cell

Question 7

Cells of the IS

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

Of the 4 cells… the Pro-T cell which –> T cell subdivides into 3 possible cells.

what are they?

Answer 7

Cells of the IS

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

T cell –>

T helper cell
T Cytotoxic cell
T regulatory cell

Question 8

Cells of the IS

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

Of the 4 cells… the Pro-b cell –> B cell further –> what?

Answer 8

ells of the IS

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

Of the 4 cells… the Pro-b cell –> B cell –> plasma cell

Question 9

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

what are they?

Answer 9

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-Mc mast cell
CFU-basophils
CFU-eosinophils
CFU-GM granulocyte-monocyte

Question 10

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-Mc –> what?

Answer 10

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-Mc–> Mast cell

Question 11

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-b–> what?

Answer 11

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-b–> Basophil

Question 12

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-eo–> what?

Answer 12

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-eo–> Eosinophil

Question 13

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-GM subdives to 2 things, what?

Answer 13

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-GM subdives to 2 things:

CFU-G
CFU-M

Question 14

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-GM subdives to 2 things:

CFU-G—> what?

Answer 14

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-GM subdives to 2 things:

CFU-G—>Neutrophil

Question 15

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-GM subdives to 2 things:

CFU-M—>what?

Answer 15

Cells of the IS

Hematopoietic
(stem cell)

which results in Common Myeloid Progenitor ( includes RBC, PLT, ClZ) Subdivides in to 4 possible cells

CFU-GM subdives to 2 things:

CFU-M—>Dendritic cell or Monocyte–>Macrophage

Question 16

Cells of the IS
● Neutrophils

5 facts:
are they numerous?
what effect?
what role?

Answer 16

Cells of the IS
● Neutrophils
○ Most numerous cell
○ Antimicrobial effects acute
bacterial infection
○ Main roles: phagocytosis and
degradation
○ NET
○ immature= banded neutrophils
(left shift)

Question 17

Cells of the IS

● Eosinophils

4 facts
color?
do they differentiate? if so when?
effector? describe:
Role:

Answer 17

● Eosinophils
○ pink/red
○ Differentiate in response to IL3,5,
& GM-CSF
○ Antiparasitic effectors
■ Esp. helminthic infections
○ Role in type 1 hypersensitivity
rxns

Question 18

Cells of the IS
● Basophils
host defence against?
what is the purpose?
what is included to aid in phogocytosis?
when are they typically found?

Answer 18

Cells of the IS
● Basophils
○ Host defence against parasites
○ True purpose: unclear
■ Aids in defense against parasites,
allergic rxns, inflammation
○ Toxic granules aid in phagocytosis
○ Typically found when there are lg
amounts of eosinophils

Question 19

Cells of the IS
● Mast Cells
4 facts:
Rich in?
what do they do?
how do they do it?
what do they defend against?

Answer 19

● Mast Cells
○ Rich in PRR
○ Immune surveillance
○ Amp. inflammation and allergy
responses
■ Release histamine!
○ NB defense against parasites

Question 20

Cells of the IS
● 2 types of mast cells
what are they?
purpose?
location?

Answer 20

● 2 types of mast cells
○ Connective tissue- local allergic rxn
○ Mucosal- found in areas of the body
exposed to external ENV
■ Lungs, GI, mouth, nose

Question 21

Macrophages
2 kids what are they?

Answer 21

Macrophages
● Monocytes
● Macrophages

Question 22

Macrophages
● Monocytes:

where ?
what do they do?

Answer 22

Macrophages
● Monocytes= in the blood & replenish macrophages

Question 23

Macrophages
● Macrophages= in tissues
how can they present?
what do they do?
what are the steps to do it?
what is their function?

Answer 23

● Macrophages= in tissues
○ Can present AG to lymphocytes
○ Ingest and degrade bact. Via phagocytosis (M1)
■ Phagocytosis steps
● Recognition of microbe
● Endocytosis
● Phagosome maturation
● Fusion of the phagosome and lysosome
● Killing & degradation of bact inside the phagolysosome

○ Housekeeping functions like recycling dead/ ageing cells (M2)

Question 24

Cells of the IS
● Natural Killer Cells (NK)
5 facts:
what are they?
what do they do?
what do they contain and that does that mean?
what do they regulate?
what do they break down into? and what is a feacture of both of those cells?

Answer 24

Cells of the IS
● Natural Killer Cells (NK)
○ INNATE IMMUNE CELLS
○ Recognize and kill virally infected or
cancer cells
○ Contain granules which induce apoptosis
○ Regulate the immune response
○ NKT cells- features of both the innate
and adaptive IS

(mature and immature dendritic cells)

Question 25

Cells of the IS ● Dendritic cells (DC) what are they? where do they mature? They are the main cells involved in what? Where do mature DC cells go? what do they become? what are the 2 types What are the 2 most important things about them?

Answer 25

● Dendritic cells (DC) ○ Hematopoietic cells that undergoes maturation in the bone marrow, lymphoid or nonlymphoid tissues **○ Main cell involved in presenting AG** ○ Mature DC go to secondary lymphoid organs to become potent t cell activators ○ 2 types ■ Classical cDC ■ Plasmacytoid pDC ● Secrete large amounts of type 1 interferons **○ Capture, process, & present AG to T cells ○ Bridge the innate and adaptive immunity!!!!!**

Question 26

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) T Cells 4 facts: what is important about the binding site? what are they? they are crucial for what? where are they?

Answer 26

T cells ○ Single AG binding site ○ Thymocytes in the thymus ->t lymphocytes **○ Crucial for cellular IR ○ Bone marrow -> thymus**

Question 27

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) T Cells what are the 2 types? what do they do? how do they do it? what are they specifically?

Answer 27

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) T Cells ● 2 types **○ CD8+-> cytotoxic killer cells** ■ Recognize and kill infected/ cancer cells by releasing cytotoxic granules **○ CD4+->helper cells** ■ TH1 ■ TH2 ■ TH17 ■ Treg- NB to prevent autoimmunity

Question 28

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) ● B cells 6 facts: binding cells? what kind of immunity? where do they mature? reponsible for producing what/ where is it produced? what specifically do they produce and why is that important?

Answer 28

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) ● B cells ○ 2 AG binding sites on BCR **○ Humoral immunity!!! ○ Mature in the bone marrow except in what spp??? ○ Responsible for production of antibodies ○ Produced in : bursa (birds), bone marrow, and intestinal lymphoid tissues in dogs ruminants & pigs!!!!!!** ○ B cells produce **ANTIBODIES!** ■ Which are NB for neutralization, opsonization, complement activation

Question 29

Functions of AB- humoral immunity what are the 3:

Answer 29

Functions of AB- humoral immunity what are the 3: ● Neutralization ● Opsonization ● Complement activation

Question 30

Functions of AB- humoral immunity what are the 3: ● Neutralization what is it? how does it work?

Answer 30

Functions of AB- humoral immunity ● Neutralization ○ The pathogen is covered in AB so it cannot infect the host cells (ingested by macrophage)

Question 31

Functions of AB- humoral immunity what are the 3: ● Opsonization what is it? how does it work?

Answer 31

Functions of AB- humoral immunity what are the 3: ● Opsonization ○ AB bound AG basically recruits the neutrophils and macrophages to engulf and digest the pathogen (ingested by macrophage)

Question 32

Functions of AB- humoral immunity ● Complement activation what is it? how does it work?

Answer 32

Functions of AB- humoral immunity ● Complement activation ○ Process for directly destroying or lysing pathogens ○ MAC formation (lysis and ingestion)

Question 33

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) ● T cells ● 2 types ○ CD4+->helper cells ■ TH1 ■ TH2 ■ TH17 TH1 what is it? what does it do? why? **I promise you this will come back!!!**

Answer 33

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) ● T cells ● 2 types ○ CD4+->helper cells ■ TH1 ■ TH2 ■ TH17 TH1 th1 ●** IR against Intracellular pathogens ○ Produce and secrete molecules that activate other immune cells (macs)** ○ You have to take care of yourself 1st!**** **I promise you this will come back!!!**

Question 34

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) ● T cells ● 2 types ○ CD4+->helper cells ■ TH1 ■ TH2 ■ TH17 TH2 what is it what does it do **I promise you this will come back!!!**

Answer 34

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) ● T cells ● 2 types ○ CD4+->helper cells ■ TH1 ■ TH2 ■ TH17 TH2 ●** Extracellular** pathogens ● Activate b cells, granulocytes, & mast cells ● Take care of yourself first worry about everyone else second! **I promise you this will come back!!!**

Question 35

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) ● T cells ● 2 types ○ CD4+->helper cells ■ TH1 ■ TH2 ■ TH17 TH17 what does it do? why is it important? how does it do it? **I promise you this will come back!!!**

Answer 35

Cells of the adaptive is: Lymphocytes (T&B CELLS) ● T cells ● 2 types ○ CD4+->helper cells ■ TH1 ■ TH2 ■ TH17 TH17 ● Produce IL17 which is important for inflammation/ neutrophil activation ● Protects surfaces like the skin and your gut against extracellular pathogens by recruiting neutrophils **I promise you this will come back!!!**

Question 36

Communication of the IS- very broad overview How: what is essential for communication? What are these and what role do they play in communication? Cytokines TLR B Cells T Cells MHC Complement

Answer 36

Communication of the IS- very broad overview ● Cell-to-cell contact or secreted signalling molecules ● Receptors (expressed on the surface of a cell or intracellular compartments) and ligands (what activates the receptors can be free floating or membrane bound) are essential for communication ● Cytokines- small proteins with diverse function (growth, activation, etc) ● TLR ○ Expressed on innate cells (macs and DC) ○ Recognize general patterns ○ NB for innate IR and inflammation ● B cells= BCR ● T cells= TCR ● MHC= present AG on cell surfaces ○ Also signal if the cell is from the host of a foreign cell ( this will come back ;) ) ● Complement ○ Basically a domino effect ○ MAC- punches holes in the target cell killing it ○ Also NB signalling molecules that alert the IS and recruit cells to sites of inflammation

Question 37

Organs of the immune system Lymphoid organs 2 kinds what are they?

Answer 37

Organs of the immune system Lymphoid organs 2 kinds what are they? Primary Secondary

Question 38

Organs of the immune system Lymphoid organs 2 kinds Primary when do they evolve purpose where

Answer 38

Organs of the immune system Lymphoid organs ● Primary lymphoid organs ● Involution w/ age ● Purpose: development of lymphocytes (t&b cells) ○ Bone marrow ○ Thymus ○ Bursa of fabricius (birds) ○ Peyer's patches (spp. dependent)

Question 39

Organs of the immune system Lymphoid organs 2 kinds Secondary when do they develop? what happens if they are removed? how do they work? what is their purpose? where are they located?

Answer 39

Organs of the immune system Lymphoid organs 2 kinds Secondary ● Develop later in fetal life ● Surgical removal= does not impair IS ● Contains DC which trap & process AG then later present the AG to trigger adaptive IR ● Purpose: interactions w/ antigens ○ Spleen ○ Lymph nodes ○ Peyer’s patches majority of spp ○ Non- encapsulated lymphoid organs (ex MALT, etc)

Question 40

Lymphoid organs Lymphoid cells are first produced by....

Answer 40

Lymphoid organs Lymphoid cells= are first produced by yolk sac, fetal omentum, and the liver

Question 41

Lymphoid organs in older fetuses/adults lymphoid cell are produced in...

Answer 41

Lymphoid organs ● Older fetuses/ adults= they are mainly produced in the bone marrow

Question 42

Primary lymphoid organs name 3

Answer 42

Primary lymphoid organs ● Thymus ● Bursa of Fabricius ● Bone marrow

Question 43

Primary lymphoid organs ● Thymus 6 facts: how do they envolute? cortex? medulla? function? negative v. positive selection?

Answer 43

● Thymus ○ Involutes with age **○ Cortex: rich in thymocytes ○ Medulla: few thymocytes** ○ Function: mature T lymphocytes (allow them to learn how to recognize AG) & populate the secondary lymphoid organs ○ Negative selection ■ Cells that **strongly** bind to self- AG undergo apoptosis ○ Positive selection ■ Only t cells that recognize MHC with **moderate affinity**= survive

Question 44

Primary lymphoid organs ● Bursa of Fabricius how does it envolute? what kind of animal purpose? ( 2 things)

Answer 44

Primary lymphoid organs ● Bursa of Fabricius ○ Involutes with age **○ Birds only!!!** ○ Purpose: maturation of B lymphocytes ■ Undergo negative and positive selection ■ Differentiation of Ab forming cells

Question 45

Primary lymphoid organs ● Bone marrow function? where are lymphoid cells produced?

Answer 45

Primary lymphoid organs ● Bone marrow ○ Same function as the bursa ○ Lymphoid cells= are being produced in the same area as all other cells

Question 46

Secondary lymphoid organs when do they develop? what happens with surgical removal? what do they contain? what are teh 2 catagories?

Answer 46

● Develop late in fetal life and persist in adulthood ● Surgical removal does NOT impair immune capability ● Contain DC **● Encapsulated ● Non-encapsulated**

Question 47

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Encapsulated 2 locations what are they?

Answer 47

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Encapsulated 2 locations ○ Lymph nodes ○ Spleen

Question 48

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Encapsulated Lymph nodes: what do they do? where do they do it? function?

Answer 48

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Encapsulated Lymph nodes: filter lymph and trap AG ■ **Cortex- B cells (germinal centers) ■ Paracortex- T cells & DC** ■ Medulla- many different cells **■ Function: facilitate the interaction between DC and Ag sensitive T & B cells**

Question 49

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Encapsulated ○ Spleen 2 types-explain?

Answer 49

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Encapsulated ○ Spleen **■ Red pulp-filters blood & RBC ■ White pulp- rich in lymphocytes**

Question 50

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Non-encapsulated 2 types what are they?

Answer 50

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Non-encapsulated ○ Mucosal lymphoid aggregates ○ Peyer’s patches

Question 51

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Non-encapsulated ○ Mucosal lymphoid aggregates name 5

Answer 51

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Non-encapsulated ○ Mucosal lymphoid aggregates **■ MALT ■ GALT** ■ BALT ■ NALT CALT

Question 52

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Non-encapsulated ○ Peyer’s patches ■ In ruminants, pigs, horses, & dogs=... (finish this sentence 2 ways)

Answer 52

Secondary lymphoid organs ● Non-encapsulated ○ Peyer’s patches **■ In ruminants, pigs, horses, & dogs= ileal PP are primary lymphoid organs for B cells (involtes w/ age) ■ In ruminants, pigs, horses, & dogs= jejunal PP are secondary lymphoid organs (contains mainly b cells)** ● M cells will sample AG from the lumen & transfer this to the PP

Question 53

Cells of the IS ● Innate lymphoid cells ILCs 3 facts: what do they/don't they express? what do they secrete? why? where are they?

Answer 53

Cells of the IS ● Innate lymphoid cells ILCs **○ Of the lymphoid lineage but don’t express AG-specific receptors** ○ Secrete cytokines and aid in innate immunity, inflammation, lymphoid tissue formation and tissue remodelling ○ Localized to mucosal surfaces

Question 54

Cells of the IS ● Innate lymphoid cells ILCs ● 3 groups based on transcription factors 7 the cytokines they secrete what are they? what do they secrete/produce? what do they do?

Answer 54

Cells of the IS ● Innate lymphoid cells ILCs ● 3 groups based on transcription factors 7 the cytokines they secrete ○ Group 1 ■ t-bet= NK and ILC1 ● Secrete INFy and TNF a ● Respond to intracellular pathogens ○ Group 2 ■ GATA3 and RORa ● Produce IL5, IL9, IL13 ● Respond to extracellular parasites ○ Group 3 ■ ROR-yt ● Produce IL17, IL22 ● Required for the development of lymphoid tissues

Question 55

1 Which of the following is the origin of NK cells? A.Myeloid B.Megakaryocyte C.Bone Marrow Cell D.Lymphoid Progenitor

Answer 55

D.Lymphoid Progenitor

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Innate IS? A.It typically can not have memory B.It is the bodies first line of defense C.This line of defense is non-discriminatory or non-specific D.Includes cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T lymphocytes

Answer 56

D.Includes cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T lymphocytes

Question 57

3 WHich granulocytes are typically active during parasitic infections? A.Basophils B.Macrophages C.Neutrophils D.Eosinophils

Answer 57

oddly the answer is E there is no E? D.Eosinophils

Question 58

4 Which is the most common innate immune cell? A.Basophils B.Macrophages C.Neutrophils D.Eosinophils

Answer 58

C.Neutrophils

Question 59

5 Which cell type would increase in a BacT infection? A.Basophils B.Macrophages C.Neutrophils D.Eosinophils

Answer 59

C.Neutrophils

Question 60

6 What is secreted from ____ cell to aid in allergic reactions A. Histamine, Mast Cells B. MHC 1, Natural Killer Cells C.Histamine, Dendritic Cells D.perforin granules, Macrophages

Answer 60

A. Histamine, Mast Cells

Question 61

7 DC cells bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems? A.True B.False

Answer 61

A.True

Question 62

8 Jejunal peyer's patches involute with age in horses, pigs, dogs, ruminants? A.True B.False

Answer 62

B.False

Question 63

9 Esteban Julio Ricardo Montoya De la Rosa Ramirez, the dog, comes into your clinic during the springtime with a runny nose, watery eyes, and is licking his feet raw. The likely immune cell responsible for the this is what? A.NK cells B.Connective Tissue Mast Cells C.Mucosal Mast Cells D.Neutrophils

Answer 63

C.Mucosal Mast Cells

Question 64

10 What is NOT a role of macrophages? A.Phagocytosis B.Antigen Presentation to Dendritic Cells C.Coordinating the Immune Response D.House keeping old erythrocyte removal

Answer 64

B.Antigen Presentation to Dendritic Cells

Question 65

11 Which of the following is not associateD with B lymphocytes A.Cellular Response B.Bone Marrow C.Humoral Response D.Generation of Antibodies

Answer 65

A.Cellular Response

Question 66

12 The major roles of antibodies are complement system, AG presentation, neutralization, opsonization? A.True B.False

Answer 66

B.False

Question 67

13 Which is True about T lymphocytes? A.They mature in the bone marrow B.Negative selection destroys cells via phagocytosis that can’t bind to MHC II receptors only C.Are components of the cellular response D.Form Antibodies

Answer 67

C.Are components of the cellular response

Question 68

14 CD4 t cells are cytotoxic t cells. A.True B.False

Answer 68

B.False

Question 69

15 A 12 week old puppy has a thymic tumor. Surgery is performed to remove the thymus and a sample is sent out for testing. Will Removing the thymus have any negative side effects? A.Heck yeah Angel don’t do it B.nah, what even is a thymus?

Answer 69

A.Heck yeah Angel don’t do it

Question 70

16 What is the purpose of a lymph node? A.to palpate to determine if there is inflammation B. Everyone knows lymph nodes aren’t real C. To facilitate the interaction between DC and Ag sensitive T & B cells D. To take up pathogens from the bloodstream to present to lymphocytes

Answer 70

C. To facilitate the interaction between DC and Ag sensitive T & B cells

Question 71

17 What is true about the spleen? A.It is the site for filtering blood borne pathogens, cellular debris and thymocytes B.Red pulp is rich in lymphocytes and RBC C.Is not encapsulated D.Storage site for RBC, platelets and iron recycling

Answer 71

D.Storage site for RBC, platelets and iron recycling