immunodeficiency

Question 1

what is immunodeficiency

Answer 1

dysfunction/deficiency of one or more components of adaptive or innate immune system

Question 2

what is immunosuppression

Answer 2

inhibition of one or more components of adaptive or innate immune system

Question 3

match the condition with the most probable cause:
a. immunodeficiency
b. immunosuppression
1. iatrogenic
2. acquired or genetic

Answer 3

immunodeficiencies are usually acquired or genetic, which immunosuppression is often iatrogenic

Question 4

what are primary immunodeficiencies

Answer 4

inherited genetic abnormalities that cause the deficiency of one or more components of the immune system.

Question 5

examples of primary immunodeficiency

Answer 5

chediak-higashi syndrome

SCID

canine x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency

equine agammaglobulinemia

selective immunoglobulin A deficiencies in dogs

Question 6

what causes SCID in arabian foals

Answer 6

mutation in DNA-dependent phosphokinase results in non-functional VDJ assembly and recombination, and TCRs are not assembled. Therefore, no functional T cells emigrate from the thymus. THIS IS A PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY

Question 7

what is the pathogenesis of canine x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency

Answer 7

a mutation in the gene that codes for IL-2 and IL-4 receptors results in impaired lymphocyte proliferation, leading to atrophied lymph nodes and thymus

Question 8

what is equine agammaglobulinemia

Answer 8

horses have a defective BTK enzyme, which is required for light-chain gene rearrangement in B cells to occur. As a result, the horse gets no antibodies (rip)

Question 9

what is selective immunoglobulin A deficiency in dogs

Answer 9

an IgA deficiency common in shar peis.

Question 10

what are the six different secondary (acquired) immunodeficiencies/immunosypressions?

Answer 10

1. virus induced
2. malnutrition induced
3. exercise/stress induced
4. drug/toxin induced
5. microbial/parasitic induced
   6 age induced

Question 11

what is an example of a viral induced immunosuppression

Answer 11

FIV

Question 12

what are the five stages of FIV

Answer 12

1. acute infection
2. asymptomatic carrier
3. persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
4. AIDs-related complex (ARC)
5. acqquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 13

after the development of ARC or AIDS, cats survive how long

Answer 13

less than one year

Question 14

what main thing is lost as viral load of FIV/HIV goes up

Answer 14

CD4

Question 15

malnutrition induced immunosuppression

Answer 15

starvation results in suppression of T cell, macrophages, and NK functions. lots of nutritional deficiencies (zn, vit D, vit E) can affect the immune system

Question 16

exercise induced immunosuppression

Answer 16

overtraining/ stress leads to increased cortisol, can impact antibody levels

Question 17

drug induced immunosuppression

Answer 17

corticosteroids and cytotoxic/chemotherapeutic drugs cause immunosuppresion

Question 18

what are the four types of drug therapies for cancer

Answer 18

chemotherapies

hormonal therapies

targeted therapies

immunotherapies

Question 19

immunotherapeutic agents aim to stimulate ____

Answer 19

leukocytes

Question 20

how do chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic drugs work synergistically

Answer 20

chemo kills rapidly dividing cells, which releases tumor antigens. immuno stimulates leukocytes to find these released tumor antigens and prime an anti-tumor immune response

Question 21

what are monoclonal antibodies used for in vetmed

Answer 21

B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, atopic dermatitis, osteoarthritis, canine parvovirus. Mostly for dogs

Question 22

what is tolerance

Answer 22

immunological unresponsiveness to an antigen (tolerogen)

Question 23

what is autoimmunity

Answer 23

breakdown in tolerance to self antigens leading to an adaptive immune response to self

Question 24

what are two ways tolerance is acheived

Answer 24

• negative selection (exclusion) of self reactive T and B cells
• T regulatory function

Question 25

what is central tolerance

Answer 25

clonal deletion or negative selection during initial B and T cell development

Question 26

what is peripheral tolerance

Answer 26

acitvation of induced cell death if a B or T cell has a signal 2 response to an auto-antigen but no signal 1 anergy if there is no co-stimulation

Question 27

tolerogens vs immunogens

Answer 27

tolerogens: - present in generative organs - no second signal in costimulation - longlived Immunogens: - not in generative organs - give costimulation (second signal) - shortlived

Question 28

three reasons for autoimmunity

Answer 28

1. genetic predisposition 2. environmental triggers 3. other factors (hormones, stress, neoplasia)

Question 29

what are some mechanism of autoimmunity

Answer 29

-autoreactive T cells get out of thymus - failure of peripheral tolerance - release of sequestered antigen -polyclonal activation -molecular mimicry

Question 30

what is genetic predisposition of autoimmunity linked to

Answer 30

MHC alleles with inbreeding

Question 31

what are some environmental triggers of autoimmunity

Answer 31

inflammation infection drugs UV

Question 32

what is a sequestered antigen

Answer 32

antigens that cannot interact with immune system during development as they are anatomically sequestered. lymphocytes specific for sequestered antigens are not deleted

Question 33

what is molecular mimicry

Answer 33

sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides is sufficient to result in cross activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen derived peptides

Question 34

what is poly clonal activation

Answer 34

T cells unrelated to antigen being presented get activated

Question 35

what is the autoimmune component to diabetes mellitus

Answer 35

CTLs infiltrate the pancrease and activate macrophages, then autoantibodies are released, leading to complement activation or ADCC by NK cells. eventually this leads to a DTH response in which there is an autoimmune attack against beta cells in the pancreas