Immunodeficiency Disorders Flashcards Preview

Infection & Immunity Block > Immunodeficiency Disorders > Flashcards

Flashcards in Immunodeficiency Disorders Deck (36)
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1
Q

Recurrent vs. Chronic Immunodeficiency Causes

A

Antibody deficiency, Phagocyte deficiencies, or Complement protein deficiencies are associated with RECURRENT INFECTIONS with extracellular pyogenic bacteria (pneumonia, otitis media, skin infections)

Deficiency in Cell-mediated immunity is associated with RECURRENT OR CHRONIC viral, fungal, or protozoal diseases

2
Q

Ig Heavy Chain Deletions

A

Ig Heavy Chain Deletions: IgG1, 2, and 4 absent from chromosomal deletions

3
Q

Defects in T cell Receptor Complex

A

Defects in T cell Receptor Complex: decreased T cells/cell mediated immunity from mutations in genes encoding CD3 proteins

4
Q

Defects in Th1 Responses

A

Defects in Th1 Responses: decreased T cell mediated macrophage activation from mutations in IL-12 receptors or IFN gamma

5
Q

Defects in Th17 Responses

A

Defects in Th17 Responses: decreased T cell mediated inflammatory responses from mutations in STAT3, IL-17

6
Q

X linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome

A

X linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome: uncontrolled EBV induced B cell proliferation from mutations in SAP

7
Q

Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy

A

B cell deficiency
Loss of maternal IgG and delayed onset of IgG synthesis by infant
Symptoms at 9 mo. to 2 yr of age
Treat with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) every couple months because of half life of Ig’s

Pre-birth: IgG dominates from mother through the placenta and low levels of IgM are produced by fetus
At birth: immune system develops and develops own IgG, IgM predominates, and IgA is very slow and does not reach high levels until puberty
If delayed IgG production (their own) which will cause recurrent infections but resides over time

8
Q

X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome

A

Defective CD-40L expression by T cells
B cells present, IgM but no IgG or IgA
Poorly organized germinal, centers, no B memory
absent DC-T cell interaction va CD40-CD40L reduces T cell activation thus promoting malignancies
Treat with IVIG or bone marrow transplantation

9
Q

Selective IgA Deficiency

A

Occurs in 1:600-1:800 people presenting at any age
Undetectable or low IgA, normal IgG and IgM
Possible but not uniform connection with increased sinopulmonary and gastrointestinal infections and allergies
20% make adverse anti-IgA responses to transfusions or replacement therapy

10
Q

Bruton’s X-linked Agammmaglobulinemia

A

Defective btk gene (Bruton’s tyrosine kinase)
B cell maturation arrested at pre-B-stage
Circulating mature B cells absent
T cells present
Infants have recurrent infections with pyogenic bacteria between ages 4 months and 2 years
Treat with replacement Ig

11
Q

CVID (common variable immunodeficiency)

A

Most common primary Ab deficiency (heterogeneous group of disorders)
1/3 of patients have defects in CMI as well
Recurrent infection, autoimmunity, lymphomas
90% diagnosed in adulthood
Poor Ab response to infection with low IgG &IgA, normal or low IgM and B cell numbers
Defects in cytokine receptors & costimulators
Replacement Ig therapy

12
Q

Complications of B cell Deficiency

A

Respiratory tract or GI tract sepsis
Common organisms (pyogenic bacteria): staphylococci, streptococci, Haemophilus
Less common organisms: enteroviruses (echovirus, poliovirus) or other bacteria (salmonella, campylobacter)
Rare incidence of malignancy

13
Q

SCID

A

Primary defects in T cell differentiation or function result in combined loss of T and B cell function
Usually present in first few months of life
Other systems often affected
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) results from complete loss of B and T cell function
Present early with persistent infection and failure to thrive
Therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotics are appropriate.
Administration of live vaccines or transfusions must be avoided
Bone marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice
Gene therapy is promising

14
Q

Defects in SCID Disorders

A

X-linked SCID: defect in IL-7 receptor (g chain)

Autosomally inherited SCIDs: adenosine deaminase deficiency or purine nucleotide phosphorylase deficiency

DNA recombinase deficiencies (RAG1 or RAG 2 deficiency) cause arrested lymphocyte development due to failure to rearrange antigen receptor genes

15
Q

Defects in Thymus Functions

A

Bare Lymphocyte syndrome: absence of MHC II gene products in thymus stops positive selection of CD4 T cells in the thymus

MHC Class I deficiency in thymus causes lack of CD8 T cells

Congenital thymic aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome) eliminates T cell maturation

*All block T cell development

16
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease: defective production of reactive O2 intermediates by phagocytes via mutations in genes encoding components of oxidase enzyme

17
Q

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency 1

A

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency 1: absent or deficient expression of beta2 integrins so leukocytes cannot adhere to wall via mutation in beta chain of beta2 integrins

18
Q

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency 2

A

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency 2: absent of deficient expression of leukocyte ligands for endothelial E and P selectins causing failure of migration via mutations of protein for synthesis of selectins

19
Q

Complement C3, C2/4 Deficiencies

A

Complement C3 Deficiency: defect in complement cascade activation via mutation in the C3 gene

Complement C2, C4 Deficiency: deficient activation of classical pathway via mutations of C2 and C4; can cause lupus like disease development

20
Q

Chediak Higashi Syndrome

A

Chediak Higashi Syndrome: defective lysosomal function in neutrophils, DC, macrophages, and NK cells via mutation of lysosomal regulatory proteins

21
Q

HSV 1 Encephalitis

A

HSV 1 Encephalitis: defective antiviral immunity in the CNS via mutations in gene encoding TLR3

22
Q

Recurrent Bacterial Pneumonia

A

Recurrent Bacterial Pneumonia: defective innate immune responses to pyogenic bacteria via mutations in gene encoding MyD88

23
Q

Hereditary Angiodema and C5-C9 Deficiency

A

Hereditary Angioedema
C1 Inhibitor deficiency (most common inherited complement deficiency)

C5,C6,C7,C8, or C9 Deficiency
Recurrent bacterial meningitis due defective membrane attack complex

24
Q

Common Causes of Secondary Immunodeficiency

A
Cancer (immunoproliferative diseases)
Cytotoxic drugs or radiation
Malnutrition
Splenectomy
Immunosuppressive therapies
Stress/emotions (neuroendocrine effects)
Aging (thymic atrophy, other)
Infection (such as HIV/AIDS)
25
Q

Systemic Non-Lymphoid Malignancy and Lymphoproliferative Disease

A

Systemic non-lymphoid malignancy
Unknown underlying immune defect
Depression of bone marrow stem cells and peripheral lymphocyte proliferation by anti-proliferative or cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy or radiation

Lymphoproliferative disease
Disruption/crowding/replacement of normal cells in marrow and lymphoid organs
loss of antibody responses in CLL
Loss of normal polyclonal Ab response in multiple myeloma
neutropenia
Effects of suppressive chemotherapy as above

26
Q

Malnutrition ad Vitamin/Mineral Defiency

A

Malnutrition (severe protein/calorie deficiency)
General depression of protein synthesis reduces CMI, phagocyte function, complement and antibody synthesis
Leptin deficiency affects T cell responses?

Vitamin or mineral deficiency
Zinc deficiency impairs T cell and DC function and reduces killing functions of phagocytes

27
Q

Mechanism of Loss of Immune Function in Splenectomized Patients

A

Increases susceptibility to bacteremias with encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococus pneumoniae
Specialized macrophages and B cells in spleen are critical for clearance of bacteria from blood and for T-independent antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens.

28
Q

Mechanism of Loss of Immune Function in Patients with Immune Mediated Disorders

A

Immune suppression by Anti-inflammatory or Immunosuppressive drugs used to treat allergies, autoimmune & auto-inflammatory disorders, and to suppress transplant rejection

Corticosteroids (prednisone): broad spectrum inhibition of cytokine gene expression, phagocyte migration, lymphocyte function
Anti-rejection drugs: suppress lymphocyte proliferation

29
Q

Mechanism of Loss of Immune Function in Patients with Psychological Stress

A

Stress/emotions
Neuroendocrine modulation of immune components
Cortisol levels increase in response to stress via the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA)

Stressed, then have HPA reaction to cause increase in cortisol, which increases risk of infection

30
Q

Mechanism of Loss of Immune Function in Aging (Immunosenescence)

A

Clinical significance of immunosenescence
Increased rate of cancer (CLL)
Higher rate of infectious disease mortality
Decreased efficacy of vaccines
Increased rates of TB reactivation and shingles

Mechanisms of immunosenescence
Bone marrow compartment decline (fewer lymphocyte progenitor cells)
Thymic involution (Decline in generation of naïve T cells)
“Replicative senescence” of predominant T memory population expanded by chronic stimulation (many are CMV-specific)
31
Q

Mechanism of Loss of Function Due to Infections

A

Microbe activation of Treg cells may cause local immune suppression that promotes chronic infection
Hepatitis C virus, Herpes simplex, Leishmania major

Diversion of lymphocytes to a local infection site may suppress systemic responses (such as DTH skin reaction)

Microbial toxins cause cellular apoptosis
Staphylococcal superantigens (nonspecific T cell proliferation and apoptosis causes general immunosuppression)
Anthrax toxin disrupts macrophage and DC function
Direct infection of immune cells with direct or indirect injury or loss of cell function
Measles virus (Dendritric cells)
EBV (B cells), HIV (T cells)
32
Q

Protein Loss, Burns, and Chronic Diseases

A

Protein loss sufficient to cause low antibody levels and hypoproteinemia
Kidney disease (nephrotic syndrome)
Protein-losing enteropathy (Crohn’s disease)
Burns

Burns
Loss of skin barrier & innate immune functions
Protein loss (parallel drop in Ab level)
Systemic suppression (due to regulatory anti-inflammatory response?)

Chronic Diseases (ex. Diabetes): reduced phagocyte killing

33
Q

Measures of Immune Status

A

Inherited or acquired immune deficiency is indicated by

Clinical Evidence:
increased numbers of infections or persistence of infections

Lab Evidence:
Altered levels or absence of immune cells or molecules
Diminished or absent function of cells or molecules as shown by direct lab assessment of function

34
Q

Bacterial vs. Viral/Fungal Infections

A

Bacterial infection indicates antibody, complement or phagocyte defects

Viral or fungal infections indicate T cell defects

35
Q

Immunomodulatory Agents

A

Immunosuppressive agents:
Anti-inflammatory corticosteroids
Cytotoxic agents (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide)
T cell signaling inhibitors (cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, rapamycin)

Biological agents:
Monoclonal antibodies
Recombinant cytokines
Adoptive cell transfer (NK cells, bone marrow transplant)

Immunizations:
Active vaccines
Adjuvants
Passive immunization and Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG)
Tumor vaccines and immunotoxins
36
Q

Broad Non-Specific Immunosuppression

A

Broad nonspecific immunosuppression inhibits both harmful and protective immune responses
Side effects = opportunistic infection

Antigen-specific immunosuppressive therapies are ideal because general immune responses are not compromised