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Sem 2: Immuno > Immunodiagnostics + Vaccines - TOKA > Flashcards

Immunodiagnostics + Vaccines - TOKA Flashcards

1
Q

What are polyclonal Ab?

A

Many different clones of B cells that are specific for several epitopes of an Ag

*** found in serum, used for Anti-serum

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2
Q

What are monoclonal Ab?

A

Ab specific for 1 epitope

products of a single B cell clone

** can not be produced in animals

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3
Q

How are monoclonal Ab produced?

A
  1. Injecting an Ag over 3 boosters
  2. Collecting spleen cells from the animal bc germinal centers with differentiated B cells
  3. Fuse spleen cells and myeloma cells
  4. Makes a hybridoma - B cell + tumor cell

** B cell contributes Ab, Tumor cell allows endless replication !!

  1. Dilute hybridomas so there is only 1 cell, then culture to amplify cell
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4
Q

What does an indirect ELISA detect?

A

Antibodies

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5
Q

What is happening in an indirect ELISA?

A
  1. plate is coated w Ag
  2. Add primary Ab in serum
  3. Add 2nd Ab FROM A DIFFERENT SPECIES (Ex: Anti dog Ab) which is labeled w an enzyme
  4. Add substrate to bind to enzyme on 2nd Ab
  5. Look for color change
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6
Q

What does a sandwich ELISA detect?

A

Antigens

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7
Q

What is an example of when you would use immunoprecipitation assay?

A

To detect Type III hypersensitivity

** gives qualitative or quantitative results

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8
Q

How is precipitates formed?

A

Using equal amounts of Ab and Ag

*** Too much Ag or Ab = no precipitation
** Ab-Ag complex will form but rapidly dissociate

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9
Q

Is gel based immunoprecipitation a qualitative or quantitative assay?

A

Qualitative

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10
Q

How does gel based immunoprecipitation work?

A

Ag and Ab are put on seperate wells in an agar gel

  1. They diffuse towards each other
  2. At zone of equivalence Ag-Ab complexes form a precipitate in an arc or straight line
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11
Q

How can you tell blood groups in dogs and cats?

A

Blood typing

Ex: RBC containing A antigen on it is mixed with

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12
Q

Why are blood transfusions difficult in cats?

A

Because they naturally have anti-blood group antibodies

Ex: If type B blood - cats have high titers of Anti-A antibodies

If a cat w B blood gets a transfusion with A blood its game over , cat will have a strong rxn against it

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13
Q

What are the main blood groups in cats?

A

Types A, B and AB

** and Mik

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14
Q

What are clinically important RBC antigens in horses?

A

Aa

Qa

Ca

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15
Q

What techniques are available for blood typing?

A
  1. Typing cards
  2. Typing gels
  3. Membrane dipsticks
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16
Q

When is passive immunity necessary?

A
  1. During primary or secondary immunodeficiency
  2. When active immunity doesn’t develop to prevent disease
  3. In infections where best immunity is achieved through transfer of Ab
17
Q

What diseases are examples of when passive immunity is administered?

A
  • Rabies
  • Botulism
  • Measles
  • Snake bites

-Diphtheria

18
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity?

A
  1. High possibility of a Type 1 or 3 hypersensitivity
  2. Immunity wanes with time
  3. No memory
19
Q

How is hyperimmune serum made?

A

From serum collected from horses, sheep, and goats

20
Q

What are the advantages of active immunity?

A
  • Long lived immunity + effector T and B cells with memory
21
Q

What are the advantages of a live-attenuated vaccine?

A
  1. Longer lasting effect than killed vax
  2. Replication of the pathogen increased the amt of Ag required to generate IR
  3. Antigenic epitopes are presented to T and B cells for Ab production
22
Q

How is attenuation achieved?

A
  1. Passaging - virulent pathogen is cultured under conditions that dont support virulence (reduces virulence)
  2. Genetic engineering - by site directed mutagenesis or by removing genes responsible for virulence
23
Q

What are methods used to kill or inactivate a pathogen intended for vaccine?

A

Heat, radiation, chemicals, antibiotics

24
Q

What are subunit / component vaccines?

A

Made from purified Ag obtained from the pathogen

  1. Toxoids - purified toxins inactivated with formaldehyde but retain immunogenicity
  2. Bacterial polysaccharides - Ab against polysaccharides can opsonize bacT and result in efficient phagocytosis by neutophils + macrophages
25
Q

What are recombinant vaccines?

A

Immunogenic proteins are cloned and expressed in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells

26
Q

What are naked DNA vaccines?

A

Cloning an immunogenic gene + inserting it into a plasmid vector, then admin of the plasmid DNA into the animal

27
Q

What are vector vaccines?

A

Gene is cloned then inserted into a virus vector

Vaccinated host will be infected with the vector that does not cause disease but induces IR

28
Q

What is the DIVA vaccine used for?

A

Able to tell between IR induced by the vaccine or from natural exposure

29
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

Part of a vaccine that enhances the IR and immunogenicity to an antigen

Sem 2: Immuno (17 decks)

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