IMMUNOLOGIC AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

Question 1

The entry, invasion and multiplication of disease causing organisms (pathogens) in a host’s body in which usually prompts an immune response.

Answer 1

Infection

Question 2

Is the process/practice of determining the nature of a disease or disorder

Answer 2

Diagnostics

Question 3

How is an infection diagnosed?

Answer 3

• Physical examination to check for signs and symptoms
• Detect the presence pathogen/causative agent via tests/assays/culture methods (direct)
• Detect the immunologic reaction of our body due to the presence of the pathogen/causative agent (indirect)

Question 4

• deals with the response of an organism to antigenic (foreign bodies) challenge
• its recognition of what is self and what is not.
• properties of the organism that help it to combat itssusceptibility to foreign organisms, material, etc.

Answer 4

Immunology

Question 5

The adaptive immunity relies on the specific interaction of

Answer 5

antigens and antibodies

Question 6

specific portions/parts of the pathogen that could elicit an immunologic response.

Answer 6

Antigen/Immunogen

Question 7

In response to the presence of antigens our bodies will make _________ that neutralizes these antigens

Answer 7

antibodies

Question 8

Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by B-cells that identify and neutralize pathogens

Answer 8

Antibodies or Immunoglobulins

Question 9

How does our immune system “remember”?

Answer 9

● Specific antibodies are created by B-cells in response to a specific antigen.
● During our first encounter with the antigen our bodies prompts a response via antibody production but can be slow.
● On our next encounter with the same antigen, the same antibodies will respond so symptoms are significantly reduced.

Question 10

ELISA acronym meaning

Answer 10

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Question 11

● Diagnostic examination of blood serum with
regards to the immune response.

Answer 11

Serology

Question 12

is blood plasma without the clotting factors
such as fibrinogen
Typically obtained via centrifugation of the blood plasma and used for diagnostic purposes

Answer 12

Serum

Question 13

• An indirect detection of the pathogen
• Can detect past infection because antibodies can be present even after infection subsides (post infection)

Answer 13

Antibody Detection

Question 14

can create false positives due to the detection of antibodies present in the body

Answer 14

Antibody Detection

Question 15

• A form of direct detection of the pathogen
• Conducted on the onset of symptoms
• Better in detecting on-going infection

Answer 15

Antigen Detection

Question 16

________ levels in the body decreases after the infection subsides

Answer 16

Antigen

Question 17

Most HIV rapid self test kits (lateral flow) used within the 23-90 day period after exposure are

Answer 17

antibody tests

Question 18

detects delayed-type hypersensitivity response mediated by T lymphocytes and, in patients with prior mycobacterial exposure

Answer 18

Tuberculin test

Question 19

Secreted into mucous, saliva, tears,colostrum. Tags pathogens for destruction.

Answer 19

IgA

Question 20

B-cell receptor. Stimulates release of IgM.

Answer 20

IgD

Question 21

Binds to mast cells and basophils. Allergy and antiparasitic activity.For allerggies and antihistamine

Answer 21

IgE

Question 22

Binds to phagocytes. Main blood antibody for secondary responses. Crosses placenta. stays after the first infection

Answer 22

IgG

Question 23

Fixes complement. Main antibody of primary responses. B-cell receptor. Immune system memory, used for the first encounter of the virus. indicative of newly getting infected with the virus

Answer 23

IgM

Question 24

Antibodies bind to and inactivate viruses and toxins. These antibodies are called

Answer 24

neutralizing antibodies

Question 25

immune process where Antibodies recognize, bind to and inactivate viruses and toxins.

Answer 25

neutralization

Question 26

an immune process that helps the body identify and destroy pathogens and old cells. It involves coating pathogens with opsonins, which are specific serum proteins, to help phagocytes recognize and engulf them.

Answer 26

Opsonization

Question 27

Opsonization process

Answer 27

immune process where antigen-antibody complexes activate the complement system (the classical pathway), triggering its antibacterial activity. Phagocytic cells grab the antibodies bound to the surface of foreign substances, for efficient phagocytosis.

Question 28

Techniques for Antibody/Antigen Detection: the binding of antigen and antibody is indicated by a colorimetric reaction of an enzyme and substrate in a microplate.

Answer 28

ELISA

Question 29

in ELISA, The intensity of color can be measured via ____________ w/c is correlated to the titers of antigen or antibody present in the sample

Answer 29

spectrophotometry

Question 30

ELISA types

Answer 30

Direct, Indirect, Sandwich, Competitive ELISA

Question 31

ELISA types: Detects the presence of antigen, uses only the pirmary antbody conjugate

Answer 31

direct elisa

Question 32

ELISA types: Detects the presence of antigen, uses only the pirmary antbody conjugate. a two-step ELISA which involves two binding process of primary antibody and labeled secondary antibody. The primary antibody is incubated with the antigen followed by the incubation with the secondary antibody. Detects the presence of he antibody

Answer 32

indirect elisa

Question 33

ELISA types: the well is coated with capture antibody along with sample antigen, then 2 antibodies willl connect in top of it with the enzyme that allows a colometric reaction detects the antigen

Answer 33

sandwich elisa

Question 34

ELISA types: helps to detect antigen concentration in a sample. sample with antigens are coatd in the wells, then the inhibitor antigen and antigen of intrest fight to attach to the sample. inhibitor antigen allows colorimetric reaction decreases in color when positive for antigens, and prevents false positives

Answer 34

competitive elisa

Question 35

Techniques for Antibody/Antigen Detection: ● Filter paper-based platform ● Detection is expressed qualitatively (+) or (-). ● Work based on affinity chromatography (relies on specific biochemical interaction e.g. antigen-antibody). ● A color reaction is observed when the target analyte reacts with biomolecule in the test.

Answer 35

Lateral Flow Assay

Question 36

Techniques for Antibody/Antigen Detection: formation of clumps (blood or latex beads) due to presence of an antigen or antibody.

Answer 36

Agglutination test

Question 37

Agglutination test mechanism

Answer 37

latex beads with antigen yield the presence of antibodies latex beads with antibodies yield the presence of antigen

Question 38

detection of a protein antigen immobilized on the protein-retaining membrane support The detection of the protein of interest relies on the binding of an antibody that specifically recognizes the protein of interest exposed on the membrane This uses two sets of antibodies (primary and secondary) allows the detection of several targets

Answer 38

Immunoblot or Western blot

Question 39

Immunoblot or Western blot membrane suppport material

Answer 39

such as nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).

Question 40

main difference between traditional diagnosis of infection methods vs molecular methods

Answer 40

traditional methods still need AST to determmine resistance vs molcular methods that are considered to determine whether the infectious disease is resistant using nucleic acid and proteins

Question 41

two major parts of the immune system

Answer 41

adaptive vs innate immune system

Question 42

two major parts of the immune system: rapid broad target no memory no specific target

Answer 42

innate immune system

Question 43

innate immune system example that serve as physical barriers

Answer 43

skin, mucosal layer of organs

Question 44

innate immune system example that serve as chemical barriers

Answer 44

stomach acid, lysozome in eye

Question 45

two major parts of the immune system: cell-mediated response, humorla response first infection response does not ellicit a response, but the infection has a response due to memory of the cell has memory specific slow

Answer 45

adaptive immune system

Question 46

example of pathogens with serial codes

Answer 46

H1N1 or E. coli O157:H7

Question 47

Important strains of pathogens are usually designated with a _______ represent _________ for antigen

Answer 47

serial code

Question 48

in a lateral assay flow result, IgM is inidicative of

Answer 48

early infection stage

Question 49

in a lateral assay flow result, IgG is inidicative of

Answer 49

post infection stage

Question 50

in a lateral assay flow result, IgM/IgG is inidicative of

Answer 50

Late infection stage