Immunology 1 (13.1/13.2) Flashcards by Erica Camacho

what are the T cell receptors

alpha beta (95%) 
gamma delta (5%)

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what do virgin t cells produce when activated?

cytokines

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which cytokine is made in response to viruses or bacteria

Th1

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which cytokine is made in response to parasitic or IgA infections

Th2

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what are primary lymphoid organs responsible for and what are some examples of these organs

for the generation and maturation of lymphocytes

ex. thymus, bone marrow

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what are secondary lymphoid organs responsible for

what are some examples of these organs

here lymphocytes congregate to carry out their functions

ex. they accumulate in locations like tonsils, ileum, appendix or lymph nodes

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roles of the spleen

lymphatic organ for the circulation
reservoir for cells like monocytes
removes effete(disfunctional) erythrocytes from circulation

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what is the purpose of reticulated epithelium in places like the tonsils?

to allow passage of lymphocytes through an epithelial layer

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what are resident T lymphocytes in the thymus called

thymocytes

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what is the function of hassall’s corpuscles and their location

function = mysterious 
found in medulla of thymus

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the role of epithelioreticular cells (ERCs)

guard entrance to the cortex and the medulla of the thymus

create a perivsacular space between them and the medullary venules

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what does the liver arise from

embryonic endoderm as the hepatic diverticulum (liver bud)

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what does the cystic diverticulum give rise to

gall bladder and pancreas

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T/F Liver has both exocrine and endocrine function, while pancreas only has exocrine function

False

both liver and pancreas have exocrine AND endocrine function

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In adults, the exocrine outflow of the liver drains to

common hepatic duct

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outflow to the duodenum is through what duct

common bile duct

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what causes the sphincter of oddi to relax

CCK secretion in duodenum

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the liver receives blood from

hepatic artery (from systemic circulation) and 
hepatic portal vein (majority of blood from here)

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blood leaves the liver via

hepatic vein which joins inferior vena cava to return to heart

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hepatic (or classical) lobule is centered around

central veins

-hepatic lobules usually hexagonal (vertices are portal triads)

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portal lobule is centered around

portal triad

-portal lobule should be triangular (3 vertices are central veins)

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hepatic acinus corresponds to

one incoming central artery and its drainage to two central veins
-diamond shape (two vertices are 2 closest portal triads across one axis, w 2 vertices of central veins across the other axis)

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what must blood transit through to get from portal triad to central vein

hepatic sinuses

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space of disse function

hepatocytes have access to plasma components

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kupffer cells in sinuses are

resident macrophages

what do hepatic stellate cells generate

collagen in pathological state

what is the exocrine product of the liver

bile

where is bile secreted into

bile canaliculi

what are bile ductules lined with

cuboidal cholangiocytes

the liver is largely surrounded by

CT of Glisson's capsule except where adventitial to the gall bladder

antigens that make it to the liver make a

tolerance response from the immune system

cell that represents the largest macrophage population in the body

kupffercells

what organ makes the majority of circulating immune system proteins

liver

what do liver transplants show

a degree of immunotolerance not seen in other organ transplants they protect other upstream transplants

what viral diseases take advantage of the liver's unique immune system to persist in the body

hepatitis B and C

where does the PHSC (pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell) function in adults

bone marrow

megakaryocytes produce

platelets

megakaryotes undergo endomitosis which is

chromosome duplication without cell division

Paget's disease results from

imbalance in rates of bone formation and bone resorption

what are the abnormal morphological findings in pagent's disease

1. osteoclasts are abnormal | 2. there shouldn't be CT, there should only be bone or marrow

where are lymphocytes born and where do they enter circulation

the marrow and enter circulation at marrow sinuses

the similarity between B cell development in birds and mammals is that

initial B cell development and specification happens in the bone marrow

the difference between B cell development in birds and mammals is

the final stage of B cell development in birds requires that it goes through another organ called Bursa of Fabricius (near rectum) - bursa is prominent in young bird but reduces with age which parallels with decline in B cell production - mammals don't have bursa but similar system for T cells which develop in marrow, enter circulation briefly, then go into thymus where fully mature

where are t cells born

marrow

the thymus is situated in the

mediastinum | -adventital area bn chest wall, parietal pleura, spine, and parietal pericardium

what happens to the thymus with age

it involutes (curves in) so much of the volume of the organ is replaced by adipocytes

thymocytes are

immature lymphocytes that is acquiring t cell receptors and the ability to bind non self MHC molecules

most common cell in the thymic cortex are

thymocytes

distinctive feature of the thymic medulla

hassall's corpuscles which are sheets of squamous epithelioreticular cells (ERCs)

what comprises medullary ERCs

cytokeratin

involution occurs in what two structures

bone marrow and thymus | but bone marrow involutes before thymus

what is involution

the replacement of parenchymal cells with stromal adipocytes

when the bone marrow is dominated by adipocytes it's called

yellow marrow

ideal bone marrow biposy from

red marrow target bc it has mostly hematopoietic cells

where is red marrow found in adults

ends of long bones, vertebral column, pelvis

where is the preferred biopsy site for marrow

crest of the ilium

functions of the liver

1. modifications of blood-borne substances (intracellulary in hepatocytes) 2. make bile to be sent to duodenum to prepare fats for digestion by enzymes

space of disse located

located bn sinus endothelium and hepatocyte

what is the connective tissue supporting the hepatocytes made up of mostly and what stain can be used to see them

reticular fibers | in a silver stain

what stains for kupffer cells

supravital staining

periportal means

affecting the cells around the portal triad | -zone 1 of hepatic acinus

pericentral

affecting the cells around the central veins | -zone 3 of hepatic acinus

which zone of the hepatic acinus is closest to inflow

zone 1 which has portal triads on the vertices

which zone of the hepatic acinus is closest to outflow

zone 3 which has central veins on the vertices

Immunology 1 (13.1/13.2) Flashcards

(64 cards)