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BMS 150 > Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Immunology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major functional divisions in immune system?

A

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

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2
Q

what is innate immunity

A

“1st line of defense”
features cellular and molecular effectors that are either:
- less specific - each cell or molecule rcognizes a range of targets
genetically “hard-wired” - cells and molecular effectors don’t change during the lifespan of the organism

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3
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

activated when innate defenses are breached
features cellular and molecular effectors that are:
- highly specific - each cell or molecule recognizes a particular target
- genetically “changeable” - cells and molecular effectors change their germline DNA to produce unique receptors/effectors during the lifespan of the organism

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4
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a substance that can bind to a receptor of the adaptive immune system

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5
Q

what are the B-cell receptors that can be released from a B cell into the ECF called?

A

antibody

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6
Q

what is an immunogen?

A

a substance that can generate an adaptive immune response

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7
Q

what is an epitope?

A

the part of the antigen molecule where the antibody attaches to

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8
Q

what is a hapten?

A

a substance that can bind to an antibody, but CANNOT generate an immune response

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9
Q

what is a lymphocyte receptor repertoire?

A

the set of antigen receptors in a given individual’s immune system

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10
Q

Explain the clonal selection theory

A

in a pre-existing group of lymphocytes (both B and T cells), a specific antigen activates only its counter-specific cell, which then induces that particular cell to multiply, producing identical clones for antibody production

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11
Q

what does immature mean?

A

a cell that has not reached a point where it can become activated - usually refers to cells of the adaptive immune system

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12
Q

what does naive mean?

A

a mature cell that has not yet been activated - always refer to the adaptive immune system

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13
Q

what does activated or effector mean?

A

a cell (or a group of cells) that is currently an active participant in an immune response

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14
Q

what does anergic mean?

A

a cell that responds to receptor binding by deactivation of the cell - it “goes to sleep”

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15
Q

what does clone mean?

A

a group of effector T or B cells that express the same antigen receptor and are derived from the same parent cell

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16
Q

Naive B cells express antibodies on their surface, where they are called…

A

B cell receptors

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17
Q

B Cell receptors have …

A

2 light chains and 2 heavy chains, each with variable and constant regions

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18
Q

what region of the b cell receptors that are “shuffled” and that can bind to anitgen?

A

variable region

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19
Q

most antibodies bind to what?

A

protein antigens

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20
Q

recognized amino acid sequence can be either…

A

continuous and discontinuous

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21
Q

T cell receptor consist of?

A

2 chains 1 alpha, 1 beta, each with variable region and a constant region

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22
Q

important to note that T-cell receptor is never secreted - it is,,,

A

always stays attached to the membrane

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23
Q

what is antigen presentation?

A

T receptors only recognize antigen by close communication with molecules on other cells

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24
Q

explain about the memory of the adaptive immune system

A

exposure to an antigen increases its ability to respond to the same or closely related antigen following re-exposure

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25
Q

secondary immune responses are generally:

A
  • faster
  • larger
  • qualitatively different and often relatively high-affinity B-cell receptors
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26
Q

immune responses to self can result in

A

autoimmunity

27
Q

what are monocytes?

A

a type of myeloid progenitor cell that circulate in the blood and differentiate into macrophages upon migration into tissue

28
Q

what are the mature form of monocytes?

A

macrophages

29
Q

T or F: macrophages present antigens to T cells

A

True

30
Q

where are dendritic cells found?

A

body’s tissues

31
Q

what does dendritic cells do?

A

during infection, recognizes infection and transports antigen to lymphoid organs

32
Q

what are the different granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • mast cells
33
Q

what are the different types of myeloid cells?

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Dendritic cells
34
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

phagocytic and enter sites of infection and dies in infected tissues and form pus (purulent inflammation)
- most numerous cellular component of innate immune system

35
Q

what are eosinophils

A

defense against parasites and involved in hypersensitivity responses

36
Q

what are basophils

A

along with mast cells, protect mucosal body surfaces and release histamine in hypersensitivity responses

37
Q

what are mast cells?

A

reside in all connective tissues - only resident granulocyte and have an unique role

38
Q

what are the different lymphoid progenitor cells?

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NK cells
39
Q

where are B cells derived?

A

bone marrow

40
Q

upon activation, B cells differentiate into…

A

antibody-secreting plasma cells

41
Q

where are T cells derived?

A

thymus

42
Q

T cells become either…

A

helper T cells (Th)
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

43
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

activate other cells

44
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

kill cells that express foreign molecules

45
Q

what do NK cells do?

A

important in the innate immune system, they lack antigen-specific receptors and they kill infected and altered cells

46
Q

what are the 2 types of lymphoid tissues?

A
  • primary (central) lymphoid organs
  • secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs
47
Q

what happens at the primary lymphoid organs?

A

where lymphocytes are generated and mature

48
Q

what do primary lymphoid organs include?

A

bone marrow and thymus

49
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow

50
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

51
Q

what happens at the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

where adaptive immune responses are initiated (where antigens and B/T cell receptors encounter each other)

52
Q

what do secondary lymphoid organs include?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT

53
Q

where are lymph nodes located?

A

lie at junctions of lymphatic vessels

54
Q

what do lymph nodes do?

A

collect extracellular fluid (lymph) and return it tot he blood (via lymphatics)

55
Q

what are afferent lymphatics?

A

drain lymph and antigens from tissues, carrying it to the nodes where antigen is trapped

56
Q

what does the spleen

A

“filter for blood” - collects blood-borne antigens and also destroys aged RBCs

57
Q

spleen is divided into 2 parts, which are…?

A

red pulp and white pulp

58
Q

what is red pulp

A

where old RBCs are destroyed

59
Q

what is white pulp

A

where lymphocytes surround arterioles entering organ

60
Q

white pulp is further subdivided into what?

A

corona and periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

61
Q

what is the purpose of MALT?

A

to collect antigens from mucosal surfaces

62
Q

GALT includes…

A

tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and Peyer’s Patches (PP)

63
Q

what does peyer’s patches do?

A

collect antigens from epithelial surfaces of GI tract via M cells

BMS 150 (6 decks)

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