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Principles - Immunology > Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Immunology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the immune system identify and eliminate?

A

Microorganisms
Pathogens
Abnormal cancer cells

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2
Q

How does the immune system identify and eliminate harmful substances?

A

Distinguishing self and non-self molecules
Identifying danger signals
A combination of the two

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3
Q

What must be kept balanced for an optimal immune system?

A

Protection from pathogens

Rejection of donor tissues

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4
Q

What are the two types of an immune over-reaction and what are they called?

A

Reaction to self - autoimmunity

Reaction to innocuous substances - allergy

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5
Q

What is the result of an immune under-reaction?

A

Recurrent infections

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6
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Innate

Adaptive/acquired

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7
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Defence mechanism present from birth and is generally non-specific

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8
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

Induced by the presence of foreign material and is usually specific to the substance or pathogen that induced the response

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9
Q

What are examples of innate immunity?

A

Physical barriers
Some soluble factors
Some immune cells

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10
Q

What are examples of acquired immunity?

A

Some soluble factors

Some immune cells

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11
Q

What are examples of soluble factors that are part of innate immunity?

A

Cytokines
Acute phase proteins
Inflammatory mediators
Compliment proteins

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12
Q

What are examples of soluble factors that are part of acquired immunity?

A

Cytokines

Antibodies

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13
Q

What are examples of immune cells that are part of innate immunity?

A

Macrophages
Mast cells
NK cells
Neutrophils

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14
Q

What are examples of immune cells that are part of acquired immunity?

A

B and T cells

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15
Q

What are pathogens’ points of entry to the body?

A

Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urogenital system
Skin damage

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16
Q

What are pathogens’ routes of attack in the body?

A

Circulatory system

Lymphatic system

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17
Q

What factors of skin make it a barrier to infection?

A

Physical barrier
Physiological factors
Sebaceous glands

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18
Q

What makes the skin an effective physical barrier?

A

Constantly undergoing renewal and replacement

Composed of tightly packed, highly keratinised, multilayered cells

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19
Q

What physiological factors of skin protect against infection?

A

Low pH of 5.5

Low oxygen tension

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20
Q

What do sebaceous glands of the skin produce that protect against infection?

A

Secrete hydrophobic oils
Lysozyme
Ammonia
Antimicrobial proteins

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21
Q

In what way does secreted mucus protect against infection?

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A

Mucus lines all body cavities that come into contact with the environment and traps bacteria which are removed by cilia

22
Q

What methods of eliminating pathogens does the body have?

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A

Coughing
Sneezing
Urination
Diarrhoea

23
Q

What areas of the body have a pH that is unfavourable to pathogens?

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A

Stomach acid
Sweat
Saliva
Urine

24
Q

Where are lysozyme enzymes found and what do they do to protect against pathogens?

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A

Tears, sweat

Digest bacterial cell walls

25
What is the response time in innate immunity and acquired immunity?
Innate - rapid (mins - hrs) | Acquired - slow (days)
26
What do macrophages do?
``` Phagocytosis Bacterial killing mechanisms Antigen prevention Wound healing/tissue repair Self and non-self recognition ```
27
What do mast cells do?
Pro-inflammatory Parasitic killing mechanisms Self and non-self recognition
28
What are examples of tissue-resident innate immune cells
Macrophage | Mast cell
29
What are examples of phagocytic cells?
Macrophages | Dendritic cells
30
What are the modes of ingestion used by macrophages?
Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis
31
What is pinocytosis?
Ingestion of fluid surrounding cells
32
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule
33
What is phagocytosis?
Intact particles are internalised whole
34
What are modes of ingestion used by phagocytes facilitated by?
Opsonisation
35
What is the process of phagocytosis? (7)
Macrophages express a set of PRRs Receptor binding to PAMPs signals the formation of a phagocytic cup The cup extends around the target and pinches off, forming a phagosome This fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome where the killing of pathogens and degradation of contents occurs Debris is released into the extracellular fluid Pathogen-derived peptides are expressed on special cell surface receptors Pro-inflammatory mediators are released
36
What do macrophages engulf in phagocytosis?
Solid matter, including apoptotic cells and microbial pathogens
37
What does PRR stand for?
Pattern Recognising Receptor
38
What does PAMP stand for?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern
39
What is opsonisation?
The coating of pathogens by soluble factors to enhance phagocytosis
40
What are examples of opsonins?
C3b C-reactive protein IgG/IgM
41
What two methods do mast cells use to protect against pathogens?
Degranulation | Gene expression
42
What is degranulation?
Release of pre-formed pro-inflammatory substances by mast cells after binding to a pathogen
43
What is gene expression?
Production of new pro-inflammatory substances by mast cells after binding to a pathogen
44
What are examples of pro-inflammatory mediators?
Nitric oxide Prostaglandins Histamines Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha)
45
What are the local physiological signs of acute inflammation?
Vasodilation of small blood vessels Increased permeability of post-capillary venules Stimulation of nerve endings Swelling/pain
46
What are the symptoms of vasodilation of capillaries?
Redness | Heat
47
What is the symptom of increased permeability of post-capillary venules?
Swelling
48
What is the symptom of stimulation of nerve endings?
Pain
49
What does vasodilation of blood vessels cause?
Increased blood flow > Cell accumulation > Increased cell metabolism
50
What does permeability of post-capillary venules cause?
Fluid accumulates in extravascular space

Principles - Immunology (4 decks)

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