immunology

Question 1

bacteria binding to neutrophil receptors induce?

Answer 1

phagocytosis and microbial killing

Question 2

NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) can trap?

Answer 2

bacteria and fungi

Question 3

neutrophil granules and lytic granules

Answer 3

neutrophil granules from neutrophils are toxic and destroy bacteria. lytic granules are from Natural killer cell that kill virus infected cells and cancer

Question 4

4 steps in lymphocyte extravasation

Answer 4

rolling adhesion
tight binding
diapedesis
migration

Question 5

infection stimulates macrophages to release

Answer 5

cytokines and chemokines to initiate inflammatory response

Question 6

TLR signaling activates?

Answer 6

transcription factor NfkB to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 7

TNF -alpha

Answer 7

released by macrophages to induce local protective effect. damaging when released systemically

Question 8

dendritic cells

Answer 8

initiates adaptive immune response

forms bridge between innate and adaptive immune response

Question 9

adaptive immune response

Answer 9

cell mediated immunity (T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells)
and humoral immunity (B cells)

Question 10

epitopes

Answer 10

part of antigen that antibody receptors bind to

Question 11

ADCC

Answer 11

kills tumor cells

Question 12

how do cells become targets of T cell recognition?

Answer 12

by getting antigens from cytosolic or vesicular compartments

Question 13

cytotoxic T cells recognizes?

Answer 13

complex of viral peptide with MHC class 1 and kills infected cell

Question 14

CD4 T cells recognize?

Answer 14

antigen presented by MHC class 2

Question 15

when do granulomas form?

Answer 15

when intracellular pathogen and its constituents cannot be eliminated

Question 16

antigen specific T cell activation requires?

Answer 16

3 signals

Question 17

naive CD4 T cells differentiate into T helper cells by

Answer 17

cytokines

Question 18

cytokines are?

Answer 18

regulatory molecules that coordinate immune response

Question 19

cytokine receptors?

Answer 19

are transmembrane proteins that transmit signal to cell by ligand binding

Question 20

mucosal tissue

Answer 20

GI tract
respiratory
urogenital

Question 21

systemic immune system

Answer 21

inflammation by cytokines

damaged tissue left for repair

Question 22

mucosal immune system

Answer 22

macrophage activated but no inflammation
effector cells respond
activates adaptive immunity
effector b cells and t cells colonized infection
minor tissue damage or no need for repair

Question 23

effector leukocytes found in

Answer 23

intestinal epithelium and lamina propria

Question 24

commensal gut microbiota

Answer 24

trigger development of secondary lymphoid tissue

Question 25

primary vs secondary immune response

Answer 25

primary immune response, an antigen is seen for first time and induces memory cells secondary immune response has rapid antibody response

Question 26

t cells diferentiate into ?

Answer 26

central memory and effector memory subsets

Question 27

effector cells

Answer 27

bind and engulf bacteria through phagocytosis