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PH 151 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

-Distinguishing self from non-self that is highly regulated (against tumors, pathogens, capability to recognize tissue grafts,

A

Immunity

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2
Q
  • type of immunity ready to recognize and eliminate microbes and dead cells
  • serves as first line of defense
  • recognizes dangers/stresses
A

Innate immunity

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3
Q

acts as a physical barrier to infection

A

Skin

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4
Q

-mucus, sneezing,

A

Respiratory tract

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5
Q

-gastric pH, peristalsis, normal flora

A

GI tract

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6
Q

-structures that are uniquely found in a pathogen and not present in a host cell

A

PAMPs: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

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7
Q

-receptors that can recognize shared structures (PAMPs)

A

PRRs: Pattern Recognition Receptors

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8
Q

recognizes lipopolysaccharide (in gram negative bacterial cell wall)

A

Toll-like Receptor (TLR-4)

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9
Q

molecules that are released from damaged or necrotic host cells

A

damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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10
Q

soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions
-responsible for communication between leukocytes and other cells

A

Cytokines

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11
Q

pyrogenic cytokine

A

TNF

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12
Q

principal activator of macrophages

A

interferon-γ

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13
Q

2 main responses of innate immunity

A
  1. inflammatory response

2. antiviral defenses

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14
Q

response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, to eliminate the offending agents

A

inflammation

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15
Q

what type of WBC are neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell?

A

granulocytes

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16
Q

monocytes and lymphocytes are what type of cells?

A

mononuclear cells

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17
Q
  • first responder
  • multi-lobed WBC
  • main role: phagocytose
A

neutrophil

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18
Q

-differentiate into macrophages (in circulation they are ____ but in tissues, they become macrophages

A

monocytes

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19
Q
  • for parasites

- weakly phagocytic

A

eosinophils

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20
Q
  • mediate allergic reaction

- contain heparin and histamine

A

basophils

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21
Q

-mediates allergic reaction in local tissue

A

mast cells

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22
Q

hepatically synthesized plasma proteins that play a role in innate immunity and inflammation

A

complement proteins

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23
Q

“cell eating”

A

phagocytosis

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24
Q

-granule in neutrophil that contain LAP, collagenase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin

A

specific granules

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25
"cell eating" | -main mehanism: generation of NO or ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)
phagocytosis
26
-when activated, would ultimately create MAC (membrane attack complex) to cause cell lysis or promote inflammatory responses
complement system
27
- recognize infected and stressed cells | - respond by killing cells via secretion of macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-γ
Natural Killer Cells
28
- recognize infected and stressed cells | - respond by killing cells via secretion of macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-γ
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
29
- recognize infected and stressed cells | - respond by killing cells via secretion of macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-γ
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
30
inhibit viral replication and induce an antiviral state in adjacent cells
Type I interferons
31
-where immune cells are generated
Generative lymphoid organs
32
- "satellites" - lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous immune systems - where innate immune components interact with adaptive immune components
Peripheral lymphoid organs
33
-mainly composed of B cells and T cells
Adaptive immunity composition
34
produced and matured in bone marrow
B cells
35
produced in bone marrow and migrate and mature in thymus
T cells
36
2 types of immunity that comprise adaptive immunity
1. Humoral | 2. Cell-mediated
37
key player: B cells
Humoral Immunity
38
key player: T cells
Cell-mediated Immunity
39
Antibody-generating
Antigen
40
-recognizes protein, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids
B lymphocytes (B cells)
41
-recognizes peptide fragments presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
T lymphocytes (T cells)
42
-recognizes peptide fragments presented by specialized molecules: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
T lymphocytes (T cells)
43
what are the two major classes of antibody light chains
Kappa and Lambda
44
dominant form of human Ig's (hIg's)
Kappa Chain
45
what are the two major classes of antibody light chains
Kappa and Lambda
46
what are the five major classes of antibody heavy chains
``` Gamma Mu Alpha Epsilon Delta ```
47
what isotype: - opsonization - activator of classical pathway - neonatal immunity: transfer maternal antibody across placenta and gut
IgG
48
- best activator of classical pathway | - a pentamer
IgM
49
what isotype: | -associated with mucosal immunity (GI, respi)
IgA
50
what isotype: - immediate hypersensitivity rxn - parasitic defense
IgE
51
what isotype: - unknown function - bound to naive B lymphocytes
IgD
52
antibody isotypes that are secreted and circulating in blood
IgG IgA IgM IgE
53
- B cell will expand and differentiate and become memory cells - IgM are produced
Primary antibody response (first infection)
54
- memory B cells will expand and secrete antibodies | - IgG are produced
Secondary antibody response (repeat infection)
55
what are the three (3) effector mechanisms of B-cell mediated responses
NOA Neutralization Opsonization and Phagocytosis Antibody-mediated Cellular Mechanisms
56
link between innate and adaptive immunity
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
57
considered professional APCs - capture antigens thru phagocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis - transport them to peripheral lymph nodes - display them to lymphocytes
Dendritic cells
58
What are the other Antigen Presenting Cells
Macrophages B lymphocytes All nucleated cells
59
most effective APC (when they are present, T cells react to it)
Dendritic cells
60
set of membrane proteins on APC
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
61
principal determinant of acceptance or rejection of tissue grafts
MHC (Human Leukocytes antigens)
62
MHC that contains peptide-binding cleft | -interacts with CD8+
Class I MHC
63
MHC that contains peptide-binding cleft | -recognized by CD4+
Class II MHC
64
MHC expressed in dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
Class II MHC
65
MHC expressed in all nucleated cells
Class I MHC
66
MHC that present extracellular antigens
Class II MHC
67
MHC that present intracellular antigens
Class I MHC
68
what type of T cell defining cytokine: interferon-γ target cell: macrophage host defense: intracellular pathogens role in disease: autoimmunity, chronic inflammation
TH1 (CD4+ Helper T Cells)
69
defining cytokine: (interleukins) IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 target cell: eosinophil host defense: helminths (parasites) role in disease: allergy
TH2 (CD4+ Helper T Cells)
70
///// defining cytokine: target cell: host defense: role in disease:
TH2 subset (CD4+ Helper T Cells)
71
interleukin that: - induces antibody production (IgG) - mast cell degranulation (IgE) - increases peristalsis
IL-4 (interleukin 4)
72
cells that secrete IL-4, IL-13 and IL-5
TH2 Cells
73
-interleukin responsible for eosinophil activation
IL-5 (interleukin 5)
74
manifestation of /Mycobacterium leprae/ when TH1 cytokines are elaborated
minimal manifestation
75
manifestation of /Mycobacterium leprae/ when TH2 cytokines are elaborated
Leonine facies
76
defining cytokine: (interleukins) IL-17, IL-22 target cell: neutrophil host defense: extracellular pathogens role in disease: autoimmunity
TH17 subset (CD4+ Helper T Cells)
77
interleukin associated with inflammation, neutrophil response -triggers release in antimicrobial peptides in mucosa
IL-17
78
interleukin that directs epithelial cells to release antimicrobial peptides and to increase barrier intergrity
IL-22
79
- helps B cells with IgM to switch to IgG, IgA, or IgE (isotype switching) - forms high-affinity antibodies and forms memory B cells
TFH (Follicular Helper)
80
-directs B cells on what antibodies to produce
Helper T cells
81
-recognize antigen and triggers release granules that could facilitate apoptosis in target cell
CD8+ Cytotoxic Cells

PH 151 (1 decks)

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