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Basic science > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity:
PAMP’s (pathogen-associated molecular patterns- conserved patterns in microorganisms) bind to recognition receptors, such as ______

A
  • TLR
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2
Q

Innate immunity:

Complement cascade plays important role in defense against ____ and _____

A
  • bacterial and viral infections
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3
Q

_____ and ____ are antimicrobial peptides of teh innate immune system.

A
  • cahtelicidins

- defensins

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4
Q

Cathelicidins and defensins, part of the innate immune system, are increased in ______ and decreased in ______

A
  • increased in psoriasis (less infections than you would think)
  • decreased in atopic derm
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5
Q

Adaptive immunity:

- involves generation of antigen-specific _____ and _____

A
  • B and T cells
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6
Q

Adaptive immunity

Recognition of self-antigens as foreign leads to _____

A
  • autoimmune processeses
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7
Q

Immunologic mediators:

- cytokines bind to cellular receptors leading to ____

A
  • activation or inhibition of downstream signaling pathways
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8
Q

Immunologic mediators:

- cytokines have traditionally been classified into three groups:

A
  1. interleukins
  2. lymphokines
  3. chemokines
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9
Q

TLR recognize _____ and are usually expressed on _____

A
  • recognize PAMP’s (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

- expressed on APC’s

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10
Q

Interaction between TLR’s, APC’s and PAMPs on pathogens leads to activation of _____ and presentation of antigen to ____. This is a link between the innate and adaptive immune system.

A
  • activation of APC

- presentation of antigen to T-cells

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11
Q

Activation of TLRs leads to ____ of pathogen, followed by proinflammatory environment with secretion of cytokines and chemokines.

A
  • phagocytosis of pathogen
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12
Q

All TLRs except ____ use the ____ signaling pathway following activation.

A
  • except TLR3

- myd88 signaling pathway

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13
Q

What are the general functions of complement pathway?

A
  • direct lysis of bacteria
  • opsonization of bacteria
  • chemotaxis
  • clearing immune complexes (hence complement deficiency leads to increased risk of lupus)
  • activating immune respones
  • anaphylaxis
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14
Q

The three complement pathways are:

A
  1. classical pathway
  2. alternative pathway
  3. lectin/mannase-binding pathway
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15
Q

All three complement pathways lead to formation of ____

A
  • membrane attack complex, C5b to C9
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16
Q

Membrane attack complex forms a transmembrane ____ in the pathogenic organisms cell membrane leading to____

A
  • channel/pore

- leading to cell lysis/death

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17
Q

Classical pathway of complement is activated by ___

A
  • immune complexes (Ab-Ag complex)
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18
Q

Alternative pathway of complement works by:

A
  • recognizing microbial cell surface structures (without antibodies)
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19
Q

Lectin pathway of complement is activated by:

A
  • mannose-binding lectin protein
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20
Q

Membrane attack complex subunits are numbers___ to ____:

A
  • C5b-C9
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21
Q

___ and ___ are anaphylatoxins in the complement pathway.

A
  • C3a, C5a
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22
Q

Adaptive immune response results in generation of ____, ____, ____, and _____

A
  • Cytotoxic T-cells
  • CD4 T-helper cells
  • Th17 T-cells
  • antibodies
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23
Q

Three main cell type families important in the adaptive immune response are:

A
  1. lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells)
  2. Monocytes (dendritic cells, macrophages, Langerhan cells)
  3. Granulocytes (mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils)
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24
Q

B-cells come from stem cells in ____

A
  • bone marrow
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25
Q

Main function of B-cells is ____

A
  • antibody production and differentiation into plasma cells
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26
Q

B-lymphocyte isotype can switch (IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE) if they interact with _____

A
  • T-helper cells
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27
Q

Memory B-cells (upon repeated exposure to antigen) have ____ affinity antibody production, _____ isotype switching in presence of T-helper cells

A
  • increased

- increased

28
Q

B-cell markers/receptors include:

A
  • MHC class II
  • CD 19
  • CD 20
29
Q

T-cells are derived from ____ , mature in_____, and reside in _____

A
  • derived from bone marrow
  • mature in thymus
  • reside in paracortex of lymph nodes
30
Q

Stimulation of T-cells leads to____ release or ____

A
  • cytokine release or cell lysis
31
Q

T-cells are stimulated when it recognizes an antigen, but only when the antigen is complexed with _____

A
  • MHC I or II
32
Q

In addition to stimulation of T-cells by antigen+MHC, there are constimulatory signals on the cell surface of T-lymphocytes and APCs, these include:

A
  • CD28 on T-cell binding B7-1, and B7-2
  • CD2 on T-cells binding to LFA-3
  • LFA-1 on T-cells binding to ICAM-1 on APCs
33
Q

CTLA-4 on T-cells binds to APCs leading to _____

A
  • inhibition
34
Q

Ipilimumab blocks ____ signaling pathway leading to _____

A
  • CTLA4 (which usually inhibits T-cell activation)

- leading to greater T-cell activation and antimelanoma tumor activity

35
Q

T-helper 1 (th1) cells activate _____

A
  • activate macrophages
36
Q

Th1 differentiation requires stimulation by ____ and ____

A
  • IL-12

- IFN-gamma

37
Q

Th1 cells produce:

A
  • IFN-gamma
  • IL-2
  • IL-12
  • TNF-alpha
38
Q

Th2 cells activate _____

A
  • eosinophils
39
Q

____ is a key cytokine that stimulates Th2 proliferation.

A
  • IL-4
40
Q

Th2 cells produce:

A
  • IL -4,5,6,10, and 13
41
Q

Th17 cells are dependent on activation of transcription factors ____ and ____ which are mutated in ____ syndrome

A
  • ROR-gamma-T and STAT3

- Job’s syndrome

42
Q

Th17 cells recruit ____ that can destroy extracellular pathogens.

A
  • neutrophils
43
Q

Treg cells downregulate immune response and express ____ and transcription factor ____

A
  • CD25

- FOXP3

44
Q

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells recognize cytoplasmic antigens when bound to ____

A
  • MHC class I
45
Q

CD8 cells kill via ____ pathway, and use ____ ligand to bind on target cells.

A
  • perforin/granzyme pathway (perforin enables granzyme to enter cytoplasm of virally infected cells)
  • use Fas ligand to bind Fas on target cells leading to cell death
46
Q

NK cells are a component of the ____ immune system

A
  • innate
47
Q

Cell surface markers for NK cells

A
  • CD2
  • CD 56
  • CD 16
48
Q

NK cells identify ___ or ___ cells and destroy them using ____ pathway

A
  • viral or tumor cells

- perforin/granzyme pathway

49
Q

NK cells secrete ____ which enhances phagocytic capability of macrophages

A
  • IFN-gamma
50
Q

Monocytes/macrophages are derived from____ in the bone marrow

A
  • CD34+ progenitor cells in bone marrow
51
Q

Macrophage markers:

A
  • CD11a/b/c, CD 6, MHC II
52
Q

Eosinophils are derived from

A
  • bone marrow
53
Q

Eosinophils have important role in defense against ____ infections and ____ diseases

A
  • parasitic/helminth infections

- allergic diseases

54
Q

____ protein leads to degranulation of mast cells/basophils

A
  • Major basic protein
55
Q

Mast cells are derived from ____ expressing____, ____, ____

A
  • bone marrow progenitor cells expressing CD 34/c-kit/CD13
56
Q

Mast cells express high levels of ____ which is critical for survival and proliferation of mast cells

A
  • C-kit receptor
57
Q

Mast cells are important in ___ type hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • immediate
58
Q

Neutrophils are produced in ____

A
  • bone marrow
59
Q

First cell to arrive in acute inflammatory site is the ____

A
  • neutrophil
60
Q

Neutrophils function to destroy microbial pathogens by ____ followed by oxidation via ____

A
  • phagocytosis

- oxidation via Reactive oxygen species

61
Q

MHC locus is found on chromosome ___

A
  • chromosome 6
62
Q

MHC locus key role is to ____

A
  • present antigen to T-cells
63
Q

T-cells only recognize antigens if antigen has _____

A
  • MHC
64
Q

MHC 1 present antigens to ____ and are present on ____ cells

A
  • CD8+ T cells

- present on all nucleated cells

65
Q

MHC II present antigens to . ____

A
  • T-helper cells
66
Q

MHC II is expressed on what type of cells?

A
  • APC’s

Basic science (4 decks)

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