Immunology Flashcards
(21 cards)
Pathogen
Harmful organisms that can cause diseases.
Antigen
Anything that triggers immune system. It is found on the surface of a pathogen.
Vaccine
We are exposed to a non-toxic antigen by vaccine. Then our body responds with mounting antigen. When a real pathogen with that antigen invades our body we mount an immune response to kill the invaders.
Antigen presentation
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T cell types
Helper Tcell, cytokysin …
Name the types of immunity in our body
Innate immunity and Acquired immunity
Define innate immunity
We are born with this immunity.
Define immunity
Our body’s defense mechanism against “invaders”, mostly foreign cells or viruses.
Define innate immunity
innate(ذاتی) immunity is nonspecific. It is the defense mechanism that we were born with. It can protect us against all antigens.
Define acquired immunity
A type of immunity that develops (in a targeted way ) when a person’s immune system responds to a foreign substance or receives antibodies from another source.
Name the two types of adaptive immune response:
antibody-mediated immunity(Humaroal) and cell-mediated immunity
Define humoral antibody
Humoral immunity is an antibody-mediated response that occurs when foreign material(antigens) are detected in the body and it is antibody-mediated response. It it is driven by B-cell lymphocytes. It involves antigen presenting cell(macrophage), MHC protein which represents the antigen bit on the surface of macrophage, Tcell that matches the antigen binds and is activated to divide and divide.
Name the elements of activation phase of humoral response:
Antigen presenting cell(example: macrophage)
MHC protein that presents antigen bits on the surface of the macrophage
Helper Tcell that matches the antigen (this activates the Tcell to divide and divide and divide)
Explain the effector phase of humoral response:
B cell that has specific antibody attaches binds to the antigen. B cell takes in the antigen chops it and presents in on its surface by MHC protein. Helper Tcell that has seen this antigen binds to the B cell and activates it to divide and divide. It makes plasma cells (to make antibodies) and memory cells.
Define MHC protein
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Define TCR( T cell receptor)
T cell receptors are made of two chains. One variable and one constant (similar to antibodies). When it is bound to antigen it is activates Tcell and divides.
What is the similarities and differences between between Tcell receptor and antibody
Similarities: They are both formed of two chains one variable and one constant. Their variable region binds to specific antigen. When it does it activates the T cell and commands T cell to divide.
Differences: T cell receptor is a key protein that is on the T cell surface. Antibody is the protein that sits on the surface of B cells.
Name the two types of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
MHC1 presents antigen to cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes( cell -mediated immune response)
MHC2 presents antigen to helper T cell lymphocytes (Involved in antibody-mediated immune response)
Explain the differences between cytotoxic T cell and helper T cell
Helper T cell is involved in anti-body mediated immune response. It is high in CD4 expression.
Cytotoxic T cell is involved in cell mediated immune response. Both are from lymphocyte progenitor. It is high in CD8 expression.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte
A type of immune cell that has moved from the blood into a tumor. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can recognize and kill cancer cells.
T-cell transfer therapy
collecting your own immune cells, growing large numbers of these cells in the lab, and then giving the cells back to you through a needle in your vein. T-cell transfer therapy is also called adoptive cell therapy, adoptive immunotherapy, and immune cell therapy. Example: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (or TIL) therapy and CAR T-cell therapy
