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Z Year 1 Principles Others > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

3 patrolling immune cells under the skin surface?

A

Mast cells, tissue macrophages and dendritic cells

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2
Q

Key feature of a pathogen and innate immune cell that allows antigen detection?

A

PAMPs and PRRs

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3
Q

4 key events after organism has breached the skin?

A
  • PAMP binds mast cell PRR and causes release of histamine
  • Histamine causes increased vascular permeability and vasodilation
  • PAMP binds macrophage/dendritic PRR which causes release of cytokines which attract other WBCs
  • Dendritic cells present to helper T cells which activate B cells (connects innate to adaptive)
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4
Q

What is the main cell of the innate immune response?

A

Neutrophil

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5
Q

What cells are involved in the clearance of bacteria and fungi?

A

Macrophage + neutrophil

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6
Q

Macrophage action of killing + what 3 things are secreted after + secretion role?

A
  • Pulls pathogen into lysosome containing ROS which destroys pathogen
  • Macrophage releases TNF alpha, IL-1 and IL-8 which promote inflammation and recruit neutrophils
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7
Q

What attracts neutrophils to infection site + maintenance of neutrophil levels?

A
  • Macrophages release TNF alpha + IL-8
  • Neutrophils release TNF alpha to attract more neutrophils (positive feedback)
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8
Q

2 extracellular + 2 intracellular neutrophil killing mechanisms?

A
  • NETs trap pathogens until macrophage can phagocytose + degranulation by releasing toxic chemicals
  • Phagocytosis + ROS-dependent killing
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9
Q

Examples of ROS and how they are made?

A
  • NAPDH oxidase + oxygen = OO (superoxide)
  • OO + NO = peroxynitrite (ONOO)
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10
Q

How many proteins in the complement system?

A

30

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11
Q

Where are complement proteins made?

A

In the liver

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12
Q

What initiates the classical complement pathway?

A

IgG and IgM binding C1

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13
Q

What initiates the alternative complement pathway?

A

IgA or gram -ve bacteria

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14
Q

Complement cascade summary?

A
  • Runs in order e.g. C1, C2 etc.
  • CRP primes bacteria for destruction via complement response
  • C3 produces C3a and C3b
  • Can also be cleaved by mannose-binding lectin
  • C3b degrades unless bound to a cell surface
  • Bound C3b cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b
  • C5b-C9 = MAC which punctures cells to cause lysis
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15
Q

Role of C3a and C5a?

A

Cause release of pro-inflammatory mediators

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16
Q

Name 4 opsonins?

A

CRP, C3b IgM and IgG

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17
Q

Transendothelial migration summary?

A
  • Vasodilation via histamine allows WBCs to move to margins of vessels
  • Increased expression of selectins (ICAM and VCAM) via TNF-alpha and IL-1 binds to integrins on WBC
  • Interaction is initially weak so rolling occurs but then affinity increases
  • WBCs move out of vessel via diapedesis helped by VEGF
  • Chemotaxis of WBC to site of injury
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18
Q

What acute cell controls virally infected or cancer cells?

A

NK cells

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19
Q

How NK cells detect viral/cancer cells + killing action + what is secreted after + 2 effects of secretion?

A
  • Infected cell releases IFN alpha/beta which activates NK cells
  • NK cells use perforin to puncture cell
  • NK cells produce IFN gamma which increases macrophage ROS production and general expression of MHC II
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20
Q

What controls worm infections?

A

Mast cells

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21
Q

What 2 ways do mast cells clear parasites?

A

Degranulation or increasing gene expression for pro-inflammatory mediators

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22
Q

Primary and secondary lymph tissue?

A

Primary = bone marrow and thymus/ secondary = tonsils and spleen

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23
Q

Site of B cell maturation?

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

Site of T cells maturation?

A

Thymus

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25
Q

Igs on a naive B cell?

A

IgM and IgD

26
Q

How B cells reach GC + activation + effect of activation?

A
  • Enter lymph nodes via HEVs
  • Activated by T cell + antigen in GC
  • B cells changes to plasma cell and makes higher affinity IgG/A/E
27
Q

Membrane bound Igs?

A

IgM and IgD

28
Q

Soluble Igs?

A

IgG, IgA and IgE

29
Q

Antibody structure?

A
  • Y shape with outer lighter chain and inner heavy chain
  • Hinge region held by disulphide bond
  • Fc region at the stalk and variable region at ends of both branches
30
Q

Order of Ig abundancy?

A

GAMDE

31
Q

3 roles of IgG?

A

Immune complex formation, foetal protetion, complement activation

32
Q

3 roles of IgA?

A

Mucus membrane protection, most produced Ig and activates alternative complement cascade

33
Q

4 roles of IgM?

A

Pentamer when secreted, immune complex formation, complement system activation, first Ig produced in infection

34
Q

Role of IgD?

A

Activates B cell

35
Q

3 roles of IgE?

A

Protects against helminthes/protozoa, mediates allergic responses, triggers histamine release

36
Q

2 things needed for T cell activation + requirement?

A
  • MHC complex + APC co-stimulatory molecule
  • Only accept peptides presented by MHC class I or II
37
Q

Cells with MHC class I and what they present to?

A

All nucleated cells and CD8+ T cells

38
Q

Cells with MHC class II and what they present to?

A

APCs and CD4+ T cells

39
Q

What cells do CD4+ T cells activate?

A

CD8 + T cells, macrophages and B cells

40
Q

Role of TH0?

A

Releases IL-2 to cause CD4+/CD8+ T proliferation

41
Q

Role of TH1?

A

Releases IFN gamma to increase macrophage ROS production

42
Q

Role of TFH?

A

Stimulates GC reaction which causes B cells to become plasma cells and undergo Ig class-switching

43
Q

Function of CD8+ T cells + 2 ways they kill?

A

Kill viral/cancer cells via Fas or perforin protein

44
Q

Special dendritic cell feature+ how they link innate and acquired immunity?

A
  • Expresses MHC class I and II
  • MHC + APC co-stimulatory molecule activates T cells
  • T cells activate B cells
45
Q

Causes of the features of inflammation?

A

Rubor and calor = vascular permeability, tumor = loss of water via increased permeability, dolor = fluid pushing on nerve ending and loss of function

46
Q

What regions of a T cell TCR binds MHC?

A

Alpha and beta

47
Q

What key IL inhibits inflammation?

A

IL-10

48
Q

What molecule increases APC co-stimulatory molecule expression?

A

TNF-alpha

49
Q

What cells have IgE receptors?

A

Mast cells and basophils

50
Q

Do neutrophils or macrophages live longer?

A

Macrophages

51
Q

How is NF-kB activated + 2 roles?

A

T or B cell activation + T cells maturation and cytokine production

52
Q

IL that recruits neutrophils?

A

IL-8

53
Q

IL that promotes CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation?

A

IL-2

54
Q

2 things that activate T cell vs B cell?

A

MHC/antigen complex + APC co-stimulation signal vs helper T cell signal + antigen

55
Q

What forms the MAC?

A

C5b-C9

56
Q

What complement protein is measured in suspected infection?

A

CRP

57
Q

Function of TREG cells + disease associated with mutation?

A

Inactivates T cells + IPEX syndrome

58
Q

IL that stimulates IgE production and Fce receptor expression?

A

IL-13

59
Q

IL that stimulates eosinophil production?

A

IL-5

60
Q

IL that stimulates TH1 and inhibits TH2 cells?

A

IL-12

61
Q

IL that activates B cells to produce IgE?

A

IL-4

62
Q

Role of cytokine vs chemokine?

A

Modulate cell behaviour vs allow chemotaxis/ guide WBCs to area of infection

Z Year 1 Principles Others (10 decks)

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