immunology

Question 1

immunology is

Answer 1

is the study of the immune system and its responses to
invading pathogens.

Question 2

• Immunity is

Answer 2

resistance of a host to pathogens and their toxic effects.

Question 3

• What is immune system for ?

Answer 3

1. Protect against pathogens
2. Eliminate damaged or malignant cell

Question 4

*Pathogenic microorganisms

Answer 4

Microorganisms capable of causing infection
and/or disease.

Question 5

Infection

Answer 5

Ability of pathogen to enter host, multiply and stimulate an immune
response.

Question 6

*Disease

Answer 6

Clinical manifestations associated with infection

Question 7

Types Of Immunity

Answer 7

1. In born or innate immunity
2. Acquired or specific

Question 8

innate immunity

Answer 8

: It is present at birth; This is our First Line Of Defense

Question 9

Acquired or specific

Answer 9

It is not present at birth but becomes part of our immune
system as the lymphoid system develops

Question 10

innate immunity cells

Answer 10

Neutrophils, macrophages,
NK cells

Question 11

adaptive
immunity cells

Answer 11

B and T lymphocytes

Question 12

INNATE IMMUNITY definition

Answer 12

It consists of cellular and biochemical defense mechanisms that are in place even before
infections and poised to respond rapidly to infections.

Question 13

Determinants of innate immunity

Answer 13

I.Species and strains
II.Age
III.Hormonal Influences
IV.Nutrition

Question 14

MECHANISMS OF INNATE IMMUNITY

Answer 14

I. Epithelial surfaces (Skin, Mucosa of the respiratory tract, Human eye, Flushing action of
urine )
II. Antibacterial substances in Blood and tissues
III. Inflammation
IV. Fever
V. Cellular factors

Question 15

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY definition

Answer 15

this form of immunity develops as a response to infection and is
adaptive to the infection, it is called adaptive immunity

Question 16

The characteristics of adaptive immunity are

Answer 16

Specificity for distinct molecules. An ability to remember and respond more vigorously to repeated exposure
to the same microbe.

Question 17

Natural Active immunity

Answer 17

1-This results from either a clinical or inapparent infection.
2-Immunity following chicken pox and measles infection is usually life long

Question 18

Artificial Active Immunity

Answer 18

Vaccines are preparations of live or killed microorganisms or their products
used for immunization.

Question 19

Natural Passive immunity

Answer 19

This is the resistance passively transferred from the mother to the baby. In
human infants, maternal antibodies are transmitted predominantly through the
placenta.
Human colustrum, which is also rich in IgA antibodies and resistant to
intestinal digestion

Question 20

*Artificial passive immunity

Answer 20

1-This is the resistance passively transferred to a recipient by administration of
antibodies.
2-Passive immunization is indicated for immediate and temporary protection
in a non-immune host.
3-Used as treatment of some infections

Question 21

• Rh immune globulin is used

Answer 21

during delivery to prevent immune response to
the Rhesus factor in Rh-negative women with Rh-positive babies

Question 22

Stem cells are

Answer 22

are cells that can differentiate into other cell types; they are selfrenewing—they maintain thei

Question 23

Cells of the immune system

Answer 23

1. Lymphoid lineage
2. myeloid lineage

Question 24

Lymphoid lineage divided into

Answer 24

1. B lymphocytes
2. T lymphocytes
3. NK

Question 25

B lymphocytes

Answer 25

-In mammalian B lymphocytes arise and mature in the bone marrow

Question 26

T lymphocytes

Answer 26

In mammalian T lymphocytes arise in the bone marrow and mature in
the thymus

Question 27

Natural killer (NK) cells

Answer 27

• defined as large granular lymphocyte
• employ NK cell receptors to distinguish abnormalities.
• work in nonspecific manner
• kill cells by releasing small cytoplasmic granules of proteins
  called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die.

Question 28

Myeloid lineage divide into

Answer 28

1. -Mononuclear phagocytes
2. • Granulocytes

Question 29

-Mononuclear phagocytes divded to

Answer 29

1- Monocytes (Circulating in the blood).
2- Macrophages (Reside in the tissues)

Question 30

The activated forms of these

Answer 30

1. greater phagocytic activity.
2. an increased ability to kill ingested microbes.
3. increased secretion of inflammatory mediators
   4..an increased ability to activate T cells.

Question 31

• Granulocytes

Answer 31

1- Neutrophils
2. dendritic cells
3- Eosinophils
4-Basophils
5- mast cells

Question 32

• Neutrophils

Answer 32

1. arise and mature in the bone marrow.
2. During infections, they expand dramatically and are the first to arrive at a site of inflammation
3. active phagocytic cells
4. s more digestive and toxic mediators than macrophage

Question 33

dendritic cells

Answer 33

1. They are active phagocytic cells.
2. Potent antigen-presenting cells
3. Their major role is to initiate B and T cells activation

Question 34

Eosinophils

Answer 34

1. they can migrate from the blood to the tissue spaces
2. They are phagocytic cells (less
   active than Macro and Neutrophils
   Play a role in the defense against
   parasitic organisms
   .

Question 35

-Basophils

Answer 35

They circulate throughout the body in the
blood stream, with the ability to pass into
various tissues as needed.
q They are non
-phagocytic cells
.
q They release inflammatory mediators (eg.
Histamine and heparin)

Question 36

• ## mast cells

Answer 36

They can be found in a wide variety of tissues
(almost everywhere).
Their granules contain heparin, histamine
and serotonin.
Play a major role in allergic reactions